Orientation to Human Body
The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing is called _____
homeostasis
What are the four types of body tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What are lanugo and vernix caseosa?
lanugo: develops in 5th or 6th month of fetal life, soft hair that covers the fetus
vernix caseosa: white, cheesy, looking substance that covers the baby when it is born, protects the skin
Spongy bone is mostly composed of these, small needle like pieces of bone
trabeculae
Muscles that make up the walls of hollow organs like the stomach are this type of muscle
smooth muscle
How are anatomy and physiology related?
Structure (anatomy) determines what functions (physiology) can take place; "principle of complementarity"
What three structures do all cells have? (anatomy of a generalized cell)
plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
What is the difference between third and fourth-degree burns?
both are full-thickness burns but fourth-degree burns cause damage to underlying structures (tendon, muscle, bone), whereas third-degree burns cause damage to subcutaneous tissue
Give an example of each of the different types of bones (on the basis of shape)
long: humerus, most limb bones
flat: sternum, ribs, skull bones
irregular: vertebrae,
short: talus
What is the difference between adduction and abduction?
adduction: movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
abduction: movement of a limb away from the midling of the body
What is anatomical position? (describe)
Body erect, facing forward
Feet slightly apart, parallel
Arms hanging down at the sides
Palms facing forward
Thumbs away from body
The plasma membrane has a double phospholipid layer. The heads are _____, whereas the tails are ______.
heads are hydrophilic, whereas the tails are hydrophobic
A blister is formed when interstitial fluid accumulates between these two layers of skin after they separate due to friction
epidermis and dermis
What is the difference between interstitial bone growth and appositional bone growth?
interstitial: growth in length
appositional: growth in diameter (width)
This muscle fiber organelle stores calcium and releases it on demand when the muscle fiber is stimulated to contract
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which cavities do the dorsal and ventral cavities contain?
Dorsal: cranial and spinal cavities
Ventral: thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
transcription: DNA to mRNA
translation: tRNA to amino acid
This type of epitheleal membrane lines ventral body cavities closed to the exterior
serous membranes
Which bones are included in the unmovable, axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
This is the main muscle contraction neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
What is the dynamic state of equilibrium and why is it essential to sustain life?
a balance in which internal conditions change and vary but always within relatively narrow limits; important because an imbalance leads to disease
What is the difference between channel-mediated facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion?
channel-mediated: transports lipid-insoluble and large substances that are small enough to fit into the channel
carrier-mediated: substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
Appendages of the skin, which are located in the dermis, include these structures
cutaneous glands (sebaceous and sweat glands), hair and hair follicles, nails
What are the stages of bone development?
bone formation (starts by second month), postnatal bone growth (until early adulthood), bone remodeling and repair (lifelong)
What generates the action potential for muscle fiber contraction?
depolarization; this opens more channels that only allow Na+ to enter. The movement of Na+ ions generates an electrical current called action potential.