The Senses:Taste, hearing and vision
The 5 categories of taste
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
The four main chambers of the heart and the four main vessels that bring blood into and away from the heart
Four main chambers: Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
Four main vessels:
To: Vena cava
Pulmonary veins
Away: Pulmonary artery, Aorta
Describe the mechanism that the body uses to exchange gas in the lung.
Passive diffusion. The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity to pulling air in and pushing it out.
CNS versus PNS
Central nervous system contains brain and spinal cord, is the command center, fully encased in bone, and is cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid, processing command center.
Peripheral nervous system contains nerves and ganglia that lie outside of the brain, not fully encased in bone, greater ability to regenerate, acts as the delivery system.
Describe how information goes from a sensory receptor to the brain.
Sensory receptors detect physical or chemical stimuli, the stimuli triggers an action potential, the signal is sent to a part of the cerebral cortex to be interpreted. In other words: Transduction, Conduction, and Processing.
Describe how sound waves travel through your ear and into your brain.
Sound waves are funneled by the outer ear, create vibrations in the eardrum that are amplified by middle ear bones and moving tiny hairs that perceive the sound waves, signaling electrical signals from the auditory nerve to the auditory cortex in the brain.
The side of the heart that handles deoxygenated blood
The right side
A thin sheet of muscle and tendon that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen.
Diaphragm
Describe the role of the following neurotransmitters:
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Dopamine: Powers the reward center, excitatory
Serotonin: Mood regulator, regulates sleep, calmness, appetite
Acetylcholine: Muscle stimulator and cognitive enhancer, triggers voluntary muscle contractions, plays a huge role in learning, memory, and attention
Epinephrine: Stress, fight-or-flight reflex, excitatory
What is an action potential?
An electrical impulse that goes down a neuron's axon and allows neurons to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands. Sends information across their axons to other neurons.
How do we establish our sense of balance?
The fluid in your inner ear senses gravity (auditory system), the eyes track your surroundings (visual system), and nerve sensors in muscles and joints detect pressure and changes in posture.
Function of heart valves
Ensure blood is flowing in the right direction
Describe the flow of air from the mouth or nose to the alveoli.
Air enters through the mouth or nose, travels down the throat and windpipe, branches into the lungs through bronchial tubes, and reaches the alveoli (tiny air filled sacs), where O2 and CO2 are exchanges in the bloodstream.
Describe the function of the cerebral cortex.
Describe the function of the cerebellum.
Describe the function of the brainstem.
Cerebral cortex: The command center for higher cognitive functions like language, memory, and initiation of voluntary movements.
Cerebellum: Command center for balance, movement, and posture.
Brainstem: Connects the brain to the spinal cord and acts as the body's autopilot.
What are two differences between the juvenile and adult brains?
A type of dizziness caused by the false feeling of moving, spinning, tilting, or swaying when in reality you're not. It can cause Nausea, vomiting, and other issues.
Vertigo
When a coronary artery is blocked, stopping blood flow to the heart muscle. This can occur when plaque, a buildup of fat, ruptures and causes a clot to form.
Heart Attack
A chronic lung disease that causes the airways to become inflamed, swollen, and narrow, making it difficult to breathe. Common triggers include: allergens, exercise, smoking, cold air.
Asthma
What does the amygdala do?
Processes the emotional significance of sensory stimuli. For example, fight or flight, memories tied to emotions (so we know when something is good or bad), understanding social cues (happiness, fear, sadness), reward learning. The amygdala is central to mood disorders like major depressive disorder, PTSD, anxiety disorders, as well as substance abuse.
A delicate, light sensitive tissue that lines the inside of the back of your eye. It receives light focused by the eye's lens, converts it into electrical signals, and sends them to the brain to convert them into images.
Describe the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
It collects oxygen from the lungs, delivers it to the body's cells, and returns to the lungs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up a fresh supply of oxygen.
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Neuron