Something's Wrong with the Internal Environment!
Five factors that influence transmembrane diffusion.
What is:
-Concentration gradient
-Surface area of the membrane
-Lipid solubility of the solute
-Molecular weight of the solute
-Membrane thickness
?
Follow up: What happens if you increase or decrease them?
Light in right eye: L pupil constricts, R has no response
Light in left eye: L pupil constricts, R has no response
What is a defect in the right oculomotor nerve?
1. Summation (recruitment) and frequency summation influence this.
2. There is one main difference between the action potentials of a muscle and that of a neuron.
1. What is contraction strength of a muscle?
2. What is the membrane does not hyperpolarize in a muscle action potential?
Follow up: How does this compare to smooth muscle?
Preload
Afterload
Heart rate
Relaxation/ventricular stiffness
Contractility
What are the five determinants of cardiac output?
Follow up: Discuss how changes in these things would affect the cardiac system.
Flow is constant through every level of circulation, but velocity will vary with cross sectional area. Blood velocity varies ......... with cross-sectional area.
What is inversely?
Follow up: How does radius influence the flow through a tube? (Poiseullie's Law) Don't come for me I can't spell French things.
How do serial and parallel arrangements affect resistance?
1) I am influenced by the concentration gradient.
2) I am influenced by the conductance of an ion.
1) What is a Nernst potential?
2) What is a membrane potential?
1. Cell body in the brain, axon in the spinal cord
2. Cell body in the brain or spinal cord, axon in the periphery
1. What is an upper motor neuron?
2. What is a lower motor neuron?
Follow up: where do these synapse and how do they work?
Additional follow up: review lesions in the spinal cord and neuro signs
An alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies.
What is a motor unit?
1. QRS occurs early and is wide and bizarre
2. QRS occurs early and follows the conduction system
1. What is a PVC?
2. What is a premature supraventricular complex?
Follow up: Draw out the specialized conduction system
1. I am a volume reservoir.
2. I am a pressure reservoir.
3. I determine the amount of flow that a particular capillary bed gets.
1. What is a vein?
2. What is an artery?
3. What is an arteriole?
Follow up: Review the structures of these, and capillaries. Review regulation of arterioles.
In a hypopolarized cell, the resting membrane potential is ________, meaning that it is ________ likely to generate an action potential.
What is closer to threshold?
What is MORE likely?
Follow up: draw a neuron action potential and label the phases (1-5)
1. Nicotinic cholinergic, beta 2 receptor
2. Nicotinic cholinergic, muscarinic cholinergic
3. Nicotinic cholinergic, adrenal medulla
1. What is a sympathetic neuron system?
2. What is a parasympathetic neuron system?
3. What is the adrenal gland system?
Follow up: where are the ganglia for these things? What neurotransmitters are used for each?
Tropomyosin, troponin, and calcium are necessary for my process.
What is the cross bridge cycle?
Follow up: Go through the steps of the cross bridge cycle. How is a skeletal muscle cell different from a smooth or cardiac muscle cell?
1. I close at the end of systole.
2. I close at the end of diastole.
3. I am constant during contraction of the heart.
1. What is the aortic/pulmonic valve?
2. What is the mitral valve/tricuspid valve?
3. What is volume?
Follow up: Review the pressure volume loop. Make sure you know when valves are opening/closing
1. Forces that affect capillary fluid filtration.
2. Factors that affect venous return.
1. What are capillary hydrostatic pressure, plasma oncotic pressure, interstitial hydrostatic pressure, and interstitial oncotic pressure?
2. What are sympathetically induced venous vasoconstriction, skeletal muscle activity, venous valves, respiratory activity, cardiac suction, and blood volume
If I increase the extracellular potassium concentration, what does that do to the Nernst potential (1)? Membrane potential (2)? Overall excitability of the cell (3)?
1. What is making the Nernst potential go closer to zero (more positive)?
2. What is bringing the membrane potential closer to threshold?
3. What is making the cell hyperexcitable?
Increased blood pressure
Increased blood flow to muscles
Decreased blood flow to skin, GIT, kidneys
Increased cellular metabolism
Increased blood glucose
Increased glycolysis in liver and muscle
Increased muscle strength
Increased mental activity
Increased rate of blood coagulation
What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system stress response?
1. I do not require calcium to flow through the DHPR to contract. Hint: beta blockers do not affect me.
2. Calcium goes into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is pumped out of the cell via Na Ca exchange, or is taken into the mitochondria.
1. What is a skeletal muscle cell?
2. What is muscle relaxation? What are the three places calcium can go after muscle contraction?
Follow up: Go from the brain all the way to skeletal muscle relaxation. What neurons, action potentials, neurotransmitters, ions, and receptors are used?
1. Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves, end of systole, present in all species
2. Associated with atrial contraction, immediately precedes S1, present only in horses, but difficult to auscult.
3. Associated with closure of AV valves, onset of systole, present in all species.
4. Due to rapid ventricular filling, not auscultable in normal dogs and cats, may occur with increased ventricular stiffness, increased venous return in pregnant mares
1. What is S2?
2. What is S4?
3. What is S1?
4. What is S3?
Anti-edema mechanisms (4)
What are:
Increased interstitial fluid pressure
Increased lymph flow
Decreased interstitial COP via protein washdown and increased lymph flow
Serosal transudation
Follow up: Review how these work
I change the threshold of an excitable cell, rather than using my Nernst potential.
What is extracellular calcium concentration?
Follow up: do one of these problems....
1. The hypogastric nerve, pelvic nerve, and pudendal nerve play a role in this process.
2. I am a muscarinic antagonist.
1. What is micturition?
2. What is atropine?
Follow up: How does this work? What are the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on other organs of the body?
Acetylcholine and electrical impulses occur here to make a skeletal muscle contract.
What is a motor endplate?
Follow up: go through the steps here; what happens, which receptors are involved, and where is the signal coming from?
1. I constantly depolarize at a regular rate, do not have normal refractory periods (unless I get way too fast), and am responsible for normal EKG waves.
2. I must be activated to depolarize and have an effective and relative refractory period, which prevents .....
1. What is a pacemaker cell?
2. What is a cardiac myocyte? What is tetany?
Follow up: Go through the phases of depolarization for these two, compare to neurons.
Factors that affect MAP and their various control mechanisms. Include short and long term solutions.
Look at the chart in vascular 6 I'm not writing it all out. We can talk about it