About That Life
Identify the top four elements found in the human body?
Oxygen (68%), Carbon (18.5%), Hydrogen (9.5%), Nitrogen (3.2%)
Describe/Define the Octet Rule?
Atoms with fewer than or more than eight electrons in the energy levels (valences) will attempt to lose, gain and or share electrons to become stable.
Describe the process of simple diffusion.
Diffusion is a passive process, which requires no energy. It involves a substance or a molecule being diffused over the course of time.
In your own words, describe what is meant by the term/phrase, "cell theory"?
The cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells.
Define the term, "Composite Cell".
The composite cell is a combination of all the body's cell types and characteristics into one single structure, to facilitate the ease of studying the body's cells.
How can we determine the number of protons of a given element?
We can determine this by looking at the element's atomic number.
What is the difference between ions, and isotopes?
Ions are atoms/elements that have a positive or negative charge. Isotopes are atoms/elements that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.
What is the name of the structure or channel, that allows water to "move through" a semi-permeable membrane?
Aquaporin(s)
What important structures (2) do proteins make for the body?
Proteins make hormones and they also make enzymes for our body.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes are fluid-filled pockets of enzymes, which are responsible for breaking down or destroying cellular products that are either defective, old, or are no longer needed.
What is the formula for determining the number of neutrons for a given element?
N (Neutrons)=M (Atomic Mass)- n (Atomic Number)
What type of molecule is water described as? Why is it described that way?
Water is described as a polar molecule because of the pull oxygen has on the electrons associated with hydrogen. This creates opposite charges across the molecule.
List all of the passive transport processes relative to cell physiology.
Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Channel Mediated Diffusion, Carrier Mediated Diffusion.
What is the name of the process in which a molecule is formed because of the removal of water?
Dehydration Synthesis.
The plasma membrane is said to be a phospholipid bilayer. Part of this layer is hydrophilic and the other part is hydrophobic. What are the two components of the hydrophilic head and the two components of the hydrophobic tails?
Hydrophilic Component: Glycerol & Phosphate Hydrophobic Component: Saturated & Unsaturated Fatty Acids)
What's the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds involve the addition or loss of electrons, to create stability between stability elements or atoms. Covalent bonds are created when elements or atoms are shared to create stability.
Describe the difference between the electron cloud model and the planetary model for elements/atoms.
The electron cloud model shows electrons as they naturally behave, hovering closer to the nucleus. The planetary model shows electrons circulating in fixed orbits.
What is the name of the active transport process that is responsible for the destruction of bacteria?
Endocytosis: Phagocytosis
As it relates to concentration, in which direction do passive transport process move chemicals or solutes?
For passive transport processes, the movement of concentration is from high to low. This is referred to as down-hill movement or movement down the concentration gradient.
Describe and give the function of vesicles.
A vesicle is tiny membranous sack, that temporarily contains molecules for transport or for later use.
Define the term electronegativity. How is this determined?
Electronegativity is defined as the ability to "pull" an electron. This is determined by the element's number of protons. The higher the number the protons, that greater amount of "pull" it has on electrons.
Why is there a difference in one's mass here on earth, versus on the moon?
On the earth, gravity is placing a "force" on a given object, giving it "mass" or weight.
What's the primary difference between carrier mediated diffusion and channel-mediated diffusion?
Carrier-mediated diffusion allows for structures to enter the cell by modifying the shape of the structure. Channel-mediated diffusion allows for structures to enter the cell if it has a certain charge, or if its a particularly large structure.
Identify two mechanisms by which the body regulates blood pH?
Urination (Micturition) and Breathing Out Carbon Dioxide.
The process of cellular respiration serves the purpose of providing sufficient energy (ATP) to our body's cells. What are the three components of this process?
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain