Spinal Cord
A Descending pathway. Fibers descend ipsilaterally from cortex through internal capsule, midbrain, medulla. Includes crossed and uncrossed pathways. Works with motor cortex to control speed and force of movement.
What is the corticospinal tract?
This area of the cerebral cortex receives input from the cerebellum and sends outputs mainly to the motor cortex, which sends its commands to the brainstem and spinal cord via the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar systems. Stimulation of neurons in this area activates multiple muscles at multiple joints.
What is the premotor area?
The cortex that is located in the parietal lobe and has two major divisions, one of which is posterior parietal. Crossmodality processing occurs here to provide us with information in a given body area.
What is the somatosensory cortex?
This brain structure receives afferent information from almost every sensory system and functions as a comparator of intention and performance
What is the cerebellum?
The inputs of this system coordinates numerous motor responses and these inputs assist in stabilizing the eyes and maintaining postural stability during stance and walking. It's peripheral component includes sensory receptors and the eighth cranial nerve. It's central component consists of four nuclei and the ascending and descending tracts.
What is the vestibular system?
Ascending pathway. Sends information on cutaneous, muscle, tendon, and joint sensibility up to the somatosensory cortex and other higher brain centers. Contains info from touch and pressure receptors, and codes for discriminative fine touch
What is the DCML?
Stimulation of neurons in the premotor areas usually activates:
A) individual gamma motor neurons in the spinal cord
B) simple movements of single joints
C) multiple muscles at multiple joints
D) several sites in the motor cortex
What is letter C?
C: multiple muscles at multiple joints
Term for the function of the somatosensory cortex that allows for the detection and discrimination of shapes and objects.
What is contrast sensitivity?
This tract of the cerebellum has outputs that go to the brainstem reticular formation, vestibular nuclei, thalamus and motor cortex, and the red nucleus in the midbrain. Controls the execution of movement, correcting for deviations by comparing feedback from the spinal cord with the intended motor command. Modulates muscle tone and involved in feedforward mechanisms
What is the spinocerebellar tract?
Term for a client's lack of awareness of the dominant side of their body due to a lesion in the right angular gyrus (association cortex) of the nondominant hemisphere.
What is agnosia?
Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, joint receptors, and cutaneous receptors
What are peripheral receptors?
Cortex that plays strong role in movement preparation and initiation and codes for force, direction, and speed of movement.
What is the Primary Motor Cortex?
Nucleus that maps the contralateral visual field
What is the lateral geniculate nucleus?
This structure consists of 4 different functional circuits that include the thalmus and cortex:
1. Skeletal Motor circuit (premotor, supplementary motor, and primary motor cortices),
2. oculomotor circuit,
3. prefrontal circuits,
4. limbic circuit.
What is the basal ganglia?
The term for the role of this system in providing information about where our bodies are in space, how our body parts are related to one another, and the motion of our bodies.
What is the visual proprioception?
Ascending Pathway with major role in relaying info on temperature, pain, crude touch, and pressure to higher brain center (contributes to touch and limb proprioception).
What is the anterolateral system?
This area of the motor cortex receives input from the putamen of the basal ganglia (HINT: dopamine depletion in Parkinson's leads to akinesia), controls movements that are internally initiated, and activates learned motor sequences.
What is the supplementary motor cortex?
The throat, mouth and hands are more heavily represented on this type of diagram because we require more detailed information to support the movements in these areas.
What is the sensory homunculus?
This disease and it's symptoms (i.e., chorea and dementia) is caused by loss of cholinergic neurons and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons in the striatum of the basal ganglia.
What is Huntington's disease?
The optic nerves from the right and left eyes leave the retina at the optic disc, travel to the optic chiasm where nerves from both eyes congregate. The axons from this side of the eyes cross.
What is the nasal side?
Always has a negative electrical charge or potential on the inside of the cell.
What is a neuron?
Signals in the CNS are processed in these 2 ways to provide motor control which allows overlap of function and permits recovery of function using alternative pathways.
What are hierarchical and parallel processing?
Integration of somatosensory and visual information underlying spatial orientation.
What is higher-order visual cortex?
Responsible for higher-order cognitive aspects of motor control (planning of motor strategies)
What is the basal ganglia?
These provide information about body position with reference to the force of gravity and linear acceleration or movement of the head in a straight line.
What are the utricle and saccule?