Pathology
A seizure represents the clinical expression of abnormal, excessive, or synchronous discharges of neurons residing primarily in the __________.
Cerebral Cortex
Convulsions typically occur in this stage
Ictal
Genetic causes of seizures are typically a defect in _______
Ion channels or receptors
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are found ______
Postsynaptically
Type of pathogen responsible for most febrile seizures
Virus
A seizure occurs when there is a distortion of the normal balance between ______
Excitation and Inhibition
Patients in this stage may experience odd smells, sounds, or tastes
Aural
Head trauma, ischemia, and bleeding are examples of _____ causes of seizures
Structural
In addition to Na and K, NMDA receptors are also permeable to _____
Ca2+
Number of seizures required for epilepsy diagnosis
2 more than 24 hours apart
Febrile seizures are thought to be due to the enhancement of NMDA receptors via this cytokine
IL-1β
This stage is characterized by fatigue, exhaustion, and loss of bladder/bowel control
Post Ictal
High fever is a _____ cause of seizures in children
Metabolic
Type of Glutamate receptor that uses G Proteins
Metabotropic Receptors
Reason for low-grade fever after seizure-like activity
ATP Hydrolysis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Behavior and mood changes can be seen in this stage
Prodromal
The #1 cause of seizures worldwide
Infection
Ion channel in GABAA receptors that predominates in immature neurons during early childhood
NKCC1
Age range of children with BECS
3-13 years
Variants of this receptor are a hypothesized contribution to BECS pathogenesis
NMDA
Ictal
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an _____-mediated cause of seizures
Immune
Main ion involved in GABA receptors
Cl-
A cognitive and behavioral disorder associated with BECS
ADHD