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Four components of this panel include RBCs, WBCs, Platelets, and Hemoglobin.
What is a CBC?
This technique uses a probe with a fluorescent dye that can bind to specific DNA sequences.
What is FISH?
These proteins, abbreviated TYKs, are central to immune response and cell division, and activate the Ras/MAP Kinase pathway upon ligand binding.
What are Receptor Tyrosine Kinases?
This fused cytoplasmic protein, formed from a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, results in constitutively activated kinase activity.
What is BCR-ABL?
This drug targets the BCR::ABL1 fusion protein and is used as first-line therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia.
What is Imatinib?
Four components of this panel include Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
What is a differential blood count?
This technique allows for visualization of all chromosomes arranged in numerical order.
What is a karyotype?
This chromosome abnormality is caused by a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, producing a constitutively active BCR-ABL protein.
What is the Philadelphia chromosome?
This gene, involved in cell growth, division, adhesion, and differentiation, is normally not part of a receptor and is localized in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments.
What is the ABL oncogene?
Imatinib treats CML by inhibiting this class of enzyme that becomes constitutively active due to the BCR::ABL1 fusion.
What is a receptor tyrosine kinase?
This is essential for evaluation of cytopenias, hemolytic anemias, and certain types of cancer.
What is a peripheral blood smear?
This technique utilizes components such as a template, polymerase, primers, and dNTPs.
What is PCR?
Under normal conditions, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases do this upon ligand binding to trigger downstream signaling.
What is dimerize and undergo autophosphorylation?
The BCR-ABL fusion leads to enhanced dimerization and increased activity of this type of enzyme, due to more phosphotyrosine residues available for downstream interactions.
What is tyrosine kinase?
When CML becomes resistant to first-line RTK inhibitors like Imatinib, patients may be treated with second-generation drugs such as these.
What is Dasatinib?
This method looks for cell qualities such as normocellularity, hypercellularity, and ratio between cells.
What is a bone marrow biopsy?
These methods combined allow for the visualization of structural abnormalities in chromosomes.
What are FISH and a karyotype?
This is the consequence of constitutively active BCR-ABL RTK signaling in cells, leading to reduced apoptosis and excessive proliferation.
What is uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)?
BCR-ABL activation is associated with the activation of these three major signaling pathways.
What are PI3K, JAK/STAT5, and RAS pathways?
A common side effect of imatinib
What is (fluid retention, headache, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weakness, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention, edema, rash, dizziness, and muscle cramps) all accepted
150 - 400 is the normal range for this type of cell.
What are platelets?
This method is useful for validating microarray results.
What is qRT-PCR?
This type of leukemia is commonly associated with the Philadelphia chromosome and abnormal TYK signaling.
What is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
BCR-ABL activity in CML causes these three main abnormal cell outcomes.
What are uncontrolled proliferation, halted DNA repair, and blocked apoptosis?
One of the most well-known mutations leading to Imatinib resistance, this "gatekeeper" mutation alters the drug binding site in BCR::ABL1.
What is the T315I mutation?