Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, it is important to pair this with an unconditioned stimulus, in order to create a new, conditioned response.
What is a neutral stimulus?
The most crucial ingredient in all learning is this.
What is experience?
This individual created a box that helped teach rats how to pull a lever in order to receive a primary reinforcer.
Who was B.F. Skinner?
A child that is taught that speeding cars are dangerous and therefore should fear them, also now fears speeding trucks and motorcycles. This is known as what process?
What is generalization?
To teach a dog to roll over, reinforcers should be done _________.
What is immediately?
In Pavlov's experiment, he dog's salivation to the bell is this.
What is conditioned response?
Skinner used this process of reinforcement by guiding behavior closer toward a desired behavior.
The fact that learning can occur without reinforcements is most clearly demonstrated through this type of learning.
What is latent?
The desire to engage in activities for the sake of genuine enjoyment and curiosity is due to this; the engaging in activities due to potential outcome is due to this.
What are intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation?
After the dog is conditioned to roll over, the trainer should use a ________ reinforcement schedule.
What is partial?
Providing an alcoholic with a drug that makes them sick, is an example of classical conditioning. What is this drug/process referred to as?
Antabuse (also acceptable: creating a taste aversion)
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, when responses are followed by something unpleasant, the response is:
What is weakened?
This researcher taught poor little baby Albert to become fearful of cute animals using classical conditioning.
Who was John B. Watson?
After a week at band camp, Keona and Olivia have developed a mental representation of the layout of their band routine, as well as the location of all the facilities. They have both developed this.
What are cognitive maps?
Buying lottery tickets or playing slot machines is an example of this reinforcement schedule.
What is variable-ratio?
Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by this type of reinforcement.
What is intermittent?
Negative reinforcement is not punishment; rather, it removes a(n) ____________________. An example of this could be:
What is a punishing aversive event? What is taking aspirin to relieve a headache? (variety of responses for the second one)
This individual was a leading researcher in taste aversions.
Who was John Garcia?
A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Theorists refer to this process as this.
What is habituation?
A school fundraiser is being done that involves a jackpot. Everyday on the announcements, several randomly selected students are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on a _________ schedule.
What is variable-interval?
What is associative learning?
What is operant learning?
Skinner elaborated on the work of this individual's Law of Effect.
Who was Edward L. Thorndike?
___________ is important in observational learning; for example, kids who grow up seeing their parents speak up for moral issues are more likely to do become involved in ___________.
A boss at a local office works with his door closed. At the same time every hour, he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work hard the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their response pattern is typical of those on a _________ schedule.
What is fixed-interval?