People + Places
This person emphasized the importance of urban design as the real contributor to neighborhood safety.
Who is Jane Jacobs?
This phenomenon occurs when there are no formal laws or policies that enforce segregation, but resources and opportunities still vary between social classes.
What is de facto segregation?
Since 1980, this group has experienced the greatest increase in after-tax income in the United States.
Who are the top 1% of income earners?
This 1944 law offered veterans government-backed loans to help them purchase homes and start their own businesses.
What is the GI Bill?
This practice involves real estate agents directing homebuyers to specific neighborhoods based on racial demographics.
What is racial steering?
This urban theorist studied how people perceive and navigate cities by having them create mental maps of their environments.
Who is Kevin Lynch?
This term describes a workforce pattern where a group is heavily represented in both high-paying, high-skill jobs and low-paying, low-skill positions, and is seen among groups like Chinese- and Muslim-Americans.
What is bipolar occupational distribution?
This term describes the suburbanization and Southward movement of of middle class Black Americans, thus contributing to population declines in urban neighborhoods, particularly in the north.
What is Black Flight?
This act, passed under the New Deal, provided federal funding for public housing construction through local housing authorities.
What is the Housing Act of 1937?
This type of housing has only been developed in areas that agree to receive government financial support for its construction.
What is public housing?
This sociologist argued that the pursuit of material wealth in industrial cities led to the sacrifice of human qualities, using London as an example of such a transformation when he wrote 'Great Towns'.
Who is Friedrich Engels?
This strategy involves securing and holding property until the time is right for redevelopment or investment opportunities.
What is land banking?
This concept describes the disparity in wealth distribution, where different portions of the population, each of the same size, hold varying amounts of financial resources.
What is income inequality?
Macionis and Parrillo describe this policy as contributing to the failure of public housing in the U.S., with many high-rise projects becoming "unmitigated disasters."
What is urban renewal?
Opened in 1889 on Chicago's West Side, this community center offered healthcare, education, and support to help immigrants adjust to life in the U.S.
What is Jane Addams Hull House?
These are historic Hispanic neighborhoods.
What are Spanish Harlem, Little Havana, and Boyle Heights?
This term describes the process of gaining entry into spaces, opportunities, and networks traditionally tied to the majority population.
What is integration?
Capitalist cities emerged during this era and were thus propagated via colonization.
What is the early modern period?
Established in the 19030s, this government agency provides insurance for loans issued by banks to facilitate home construction and purchasing. However, its practices also led to redlining.
What is the Federal Housing Administration (FHA)?
Named after the Federal Housing Administration's practices in the 1930s, this term refers to the refusal to insure loans in areas deemed high-risk due to racial demographics.
What is redlining?
This group, numbering nearly 3 million in the U.S., are mostly concentrated in the South or the West and in metropolitan areas.
Who are Native Americans?
This theory argues that weakened community bonds and reduced civic involvement in certain areas are key factors behind differences in poor social outcomes (e.g., crime).
What is social disorganization theory?
Known for its educational institutions that draw skilled individuals, this city has consistently adapted its economy to remain competitive, according to Ed Glaeser.
What is Boston?
This legal authority, authorized by the Fifth Amendment, permits governments to seize private property for public use, provided the owner is fairly compensated.
What is eminent domain?
This practice of crime prevention involves the mutual cooperation of law enforcement, local residents, and neighborhood institutions.
What is community policing?