Photosynthesis
what is a photon
A photon is a small packet of light energy
what toxic product is produced during fermentation
alcohol (ethanol)
Name three typical components of soil
sand, silt, clay, Humus(DOM), minerals, air, and water
give an example of a tree that doesn't make growth rings
Palm trees or bamboo
where are photosystems located?
embedded in the thylakoid membrane
give an example of a C4 and CAM plant
C4= grasses (corn, sugar cane)
CAM= cacti, epiphytes
name 2 products of glycolysis?
2 NADH 2 ATP, Acetyl CoA, and 2 Pyruvate molecules
Give an example of a symbiotic relationship in plant roots
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Mycorrhizal fungi
what is primary and secondary growth?
Primary= growing taller/increasing height
Secondary= growing wider/increasing width
what is bark made out of?
Bark= cork cells + cork cambium + living phloem
what happens to hydrogen ions as electrons move through the electron transport chain?
Hydrogen ions are moved into the inside membrane of the Thylakoid where they accumulate creating a concentration gradient.
What is produced during the Kreb's cycle
4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP made during 2 cycles. half these numbers to get how much is produced during one cycle
Name the two processes that release minerals into the soil
Weathering (Physical + Chemical)
Decomposition of organic matter
what is the difference in heartwood and sapwood
heartwood= old, nonfunctional xylem
sapwood= functional xylem
define an essential plant mineral
an inorganic compound or element that is required for normal plant function, growth and reproduction
what is produced during the Light reactions?
What about the Calvin cycle?
Light= oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
Calvin= Carbohydrates, ADP, NADP+
Why does the absence of oxygen stop ATP production?
oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETP. if no oxygen, movement of electrons stops and ATP production stops
Name the Macronutrients
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sulfur
CHONPS Magnificient CaKe
give 2 examples of stem modifications and their function
Stolons and Rhizomes- used for asexual reproduction
Tendrils- stems for support
Tubers/bulbs- storage and winter survival
How does the number of ATP's made in Electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) compare to glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle?
In ETP 34 ATP is made, in glycolysis 2 ATP and Kreb's cycle is 2 ATP
describe how C4 and CAM plants avoid photorespiration
C4- Rubisco is present in bundle sheath cells not mesophyll cells. Light and dark reactions are seperated spatially
CAM- Light reactions occur during the day, stomata open only at night, Carbon fixation occurs during the night. Light and dark reactions are seperated temporally
What's the purpose of the ATP Synthase Complex and what molecule passes through it?
It provides the energy required to produce ATP. Hydrogen ions move through it
Name the three regions of the root and explain what occurs in each region
Zone of maturation- where cells become fully functional. Where root hairs develop
Zone of elongation- cells increase in size pushing the root downward
Zone of division- active site of cell division. Where apical meristem is located
describe the pressure flow model
sugars are moved into phloem cells using ATP
water moves in through osmosis, causing turgor pressure to increase
Increasing turgor pressure causes flow of materials through phloem cells
what conditions does photorespiration occur during and why is it bad for plants.
occurs during hot and dry conditions. (low water)
It's bad because it starts a set of reactions that result in the release of CO2 and decreasing sugar production