Auxin + Cytokinins
What is the two hormones that interact in control of apical dominance (terminal bud)
Cytokinins and Auxin
What does gibberellins do to the endosperm?
It causes the starch in the endosperm to breakdown, using alpha-amylase.
When to produce ethylene?
Stress (drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and infection)
What is the morphological adaptation growing in darkness, collectively called?
etiolation
What is Auxin's role?
Reduce auxin flow from shoot of a branch stimulates growth in lower branches
Play in phyllotaxy (arrangement of leaves on stem)
Directs leaf venation pattern + activity of vascular cambium
Cytokinins slow the age of some plant organs by inhibiting protein breakdown, stimulating RNA and protein synthesis, and mobilizing nutrients from surrounding tissue.
What two things does ABA do in drought tolerance?
It internally signal that enable plant to withstand drought
It causes stomata to close rapidly.
What is ein vs ctr mutant?
Ein
- Triple Response: Fail
- Ethylene Presence: Yes
Ctr
- Triple Response: Undergo
- Ethylene Presence: no
Describe de-etiolation
After exposure to light, potato undergoes changes, allowing shoots and roots to grow normally after etiolation.
What is the advantage and disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
Advantage: generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible
Disadvantage: clone of them can be vulnerable to local extinction if environmental changes.
What can the overuse of auxins do?
Overdose of synthetic auxins can kill plants
What does ABA promotes?
Promotes leaf senescence
Promotes desiccation tolerance
Promotes stomatal closure during drought stress
Promote seed dormancy and inhibit early germination.
What is the triple response
1. Slow stem elongation
2. Stem thickening
3. Horizontal stem growth
CFU:
How do you know a way to remember this?
Brassinosteroids, Jasmonates, Strigolactones
The female gametophyte of an angiosperm is the.....
A. embryo sac
B. ovule
C. ovary
D. egg cell
Embryo sac
Which plant hormone, developing in an apical bud, either directly or indirectly inhibits the growth of flower axillary buds?
Auxin
If you were taking seeds oversees to another country to grow, which hormone and process would you go to protect it when it comes to shipping on a plane.
You would use ABA in seed dormancy.
How does Fruit ripening works?
Burst of ethylene in fruit trigger ripening process.
Ripening triggers release of more ethylene
Fruit producers can control by picking green fruit and control ethylene process.
What is the characteristics of Hormones
1. Chemical signals that modify or control one or more specific physiological process.
2. Produce in very low concentrations, but have profound effects on growth and development.
3. Multiple effect but can influence one single process.
4. Effect responses based on amount + concentration of specific hormones + often on combination of hormones present.
The pollen grain contains two cells, the generative cell and the tube cell. One sperm cell within the pollen tube will migrate to and fertilize the egg, forming a zygote. One sperm cell within the pollen tube will migrate to and unite with the polar nuclei, producing a triploid endosperm.
Which statement above is wrong or correct?
C:
The pollen grain contains two cells, the generative cell and the tube cell. One sperm cell within the pollen tube will migrate to and fertilize the egg, forming a zygote.
IC:
One sperm cell within the pollen tube will migrate to and unite with the polar nuclei, producing a triploid endosperm.
A coleoptile is grown with unidirectional light coming from the left. If an transparent cap is placed on the tip of the growing plant, what will happen to the coleoptile?
It will grow taller and be curve toward the light
CFU:
What if you change the cap to Opaque cap?
Stem Elongation: stimulate cell elongation + cell division in stems + growth of leaves.
Fruit Growth: with Auxin, need to present for fruit to develop.
Germination: signals seed to germinate
How does Leaf Abscission and Senescence correspond with Fruit ripening?
Senescence helps pop out the fruit to fall off the branch/stem, reserving nutrients to other seeds/part of the plants that is needed.
Leaf Abscission detachment of plant part. It save cost of water and increase photosynthetic efficiency to grow more leaves.
What is the stages in details of in order for cell signal processes for potato exposure to light?
1.Stimulus (1st messenger) bind to Receptor (reception)
2. second messengers transfer + amplify the receptors to intracellular proteins (transduction)
3. Kascade of Protein
4. Responses can be: gene expression or change post-translation pre-exist. (Response)
Starting from the tip of a developing root in a typical angiosperm to the above-ground stem, in what order would you expect to find the following?
1. zone of elongation
2. root cap
3. zone of differentiation
4. zone of cell division
2,4,1,3