miscellaneous
are the veins of eudicots parallel or branched? what about for monocots?
eudicots - branched
monocots - parallel
plants draw resources from both above and below ground. what are the three main organs plants have to help them do this?
2. stems
3. leaves
what are the three tissue systems in a plant?
vascular tissue, ground tissue, and dermal tissue
what are the four main components of a flower? which are reproductive, and which are not?
1. sepals
2. petals
3. carpels (ovule-producing)
3. stamens (pollen-producing)
You are looking at a small plant with many roots attached to its base. The roots appear to have arisen from the stem tissue, with lateral roots forming more of their own lateral roots. What kind of root system is this?
adventitious root system
what major root systems do eudicots typically rely on? what about monocots?
eudicots - taproot usually present; main root with lateral root projections
monocots - the adventitious system is usually present; fibrous stem extensions
describe the function of roots and the two major types of root systems. what types of plants typically use these types?
roots anchor, draw resources from the ground, and store carbohydrates. Two systems include:
1. taproot - used by tall, erect plants. accompanied by lateral roots for support and inc surface area
2. adventitious roots - used by small or trailing plants. fibrous and expansive with no main root
describe dermal tissue in woody plants vs nonwoody plants
nonwoody plants:
- dermal tissue is called the epidermis; often is fleshy and has a cuticle
woody plants:
- dermal tissue is called the periderm; often features trichomes for protection
describe the structure of a stamen and its function
stalk (called a filament) and a sac (called an anther) - the anther is where pollen is produced
You pull an iris out of the ground and see an elongated, bulging root-like structure at its base. It appears to have other smaller roots branching from it, and it is somewhat continuous with the stem of the iris. Is this structure a rhizome, tuber, or storage root?
rhizome - it is not a root, but an underground stem used for land propagation
describe indeterminate growth versus determinate growth. what typically undergoes which? what plant structures enable indeterminate growth?
indeterminate growth is enabled by meristems, which are perpetually undifferentiated tissues. stems, branches, and roots undergo this in continuous growth.
determinate growth is where plant organs, such as a leaf, flower, or seed, grow to a certain size and then stop
apical buds - located near the shoot tip and aid in elongation
axillary buds - in the upper angle formed by the leaf and stem; have the potential to form a new leaf, branch, thorn, etc
what are the two types of vascular tissue seen in plants? what are their specific functions?
xylem - conducts water upwards from roots to shoots
phloem - conducts sugar from where it is made to where it is needed
describe the structure of a carpel and its function
consists of an ovary at the base that extends up into the style, which is capped with a stigma, where the pollen is received
you pick a leaf off a tree and see that while it does have a central vein, it also has many branching extensions throughout the leaf. Is this tree a type of monocot or eudicot?
eudicot
describe apical meristems versus lateral meristems.
apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots, as well as the axillary buds - these elongate in primary growth
lateral meristems contribute to girth size/secondary growth in woody plants
is a tuber, such as a potato, a type of stem, leaf, or root?
it is a type of stem!
what are the two types of xylem/water conducting cells?
tracheids - long, thin, tapered cells that move water through pits
vessel elements - wide tubes that stack to create vessels
where do seeds and fruit develop from?
seeds develop from ovules after fertilization
the fruit develops from the surrounding ovary
You are observing angiosperm stem and root tissue under a microscope, but are unsure which is which. You can tell that one has a solid, centralized cylinder of vascular tissue in the middle, while the other has vascular bundles running in separate strands throughout the sample. Based on that information, which sample is stem tissue, and which is root tissue?
the sample with the cylinder is the root - the sample with the bundles is the stem
describe the two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium
Vascular cambium adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
cork cambium replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
what are three types of modified stems?
1. rhizomes
2. stolons
3. tubers
describe phloem, which is alive at functional maturity. in what specific cells are sugars transported in gymnosperms vs angiosperms? do these cells have organelles?
in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, sugars are transported through sieve cells
in angiosperms, sugars are transported through the stacking of sieve tubes, which are joined by porous sieve plates. sieve-tube elements lack organelles, but each has a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells.
name the three types of seed dispersal
1. wind - parachutes or propellers
2. burrs - spiked balls that cling to animal fur
3. defecation - fruit is eaten, seeds are digested, and later defecated onto soil away from parent plant
you cut a sunflower stalk in half and observe fleshy white tissue internal to the stalk's hardy veins. what is the specific name for this type of ground tissue?