Classification
Explain the differences between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
Bryophytes:
- Non vascular land plants
- have rhizoids (not roots)
- No (or underdeveloped) conducting vessels
- Only grow a few cm off the ground
Pteridophytes:
- Vascular plants that disperse spores
- Have roots
- Have conducting vessels
- Can grow some meters tall
What is sporogenesis? How does it work?
The process of reproduction through spores. Spores fll to the ground and when the conditions are right a new plant develops.
What is photosynthesis? Where does it happen?
Where chloroplasts absorb sunlight and turn it into chemical energy. It happens in the leaves. It transforms xylem sap (inorganic matter) into phloem sap (organic matter).
What is it called when plants raise their leaves depending on the intensity of light?
Photonasty
What are the advantages of a cactus having spiny leaves?
To lose less water during transpiration
What type of nutrition do plants have? What does it mean?
Autotrophic nutrition
They take inorganic matter from the environment and transform it into organic matter thanks to photosynthesis.
What are the three different ways that plants reproduce. Define them.
Asexual: It doesn't need gametes. It can happen through budding, spores, or a part of the parent plant breaks off and forms a new independent plant.
Sexual: Requires male gametes and female gametes which are generated in the flowers. They join (fertilization) and a new cell called zygote is created which grows a new plant.
Alternation of generations: Both asexual and sexual reproduction at different stages.
What is cell respiration? Where does it take place?
How plants get energy. They use some of the organic matter obtained in photosynthesis to produce energy.
It takes place in the mitochondria
What are hormones? What do they do?
Substances secreted by some plant cells. They act as stimuli and generate responses in different parts of the plant. They regulate processes such as growth, leaf drop, and fruit ripening.
How have water lilies adapted to water?
They float so they don't need strong stems. They are flat to absorb light. Their stomata is on top so water doesn't interfere with gas exchange.
True or False? Mosses are vascular plants, but they have primitive, simple conducting vessels.
True
Explain the reproduction of gymnosperms.
Male cones produce pollen and female cones contain exposed ovules which become seeds when they're fertilize.
In stage 1 of plant nutrition, plants use _________ on their roots to absorb water and minerals. The mixture of water and minerals is known as ________.
Absorbent hairs
Xylem sap
Phototropism (light)
Geotropism (gravity)
Hydrotropism (water)
What are the two main functions of leaves?
To perform photosynthesis
To facilitate gas exchange with the atmosphere
Name the categories of the following:
1. Algae
2. Bryophytes
3. Pteridophytes
What is the female sexual organ of the plant? What is the male sexual organ?
The carpel (female). The Stamen (male) made of the filament and the anther.
Where do plants release waste substances? What do they release?
Through their stomata.
CO2
O2
Water that is not used for photosynthesis
The marvel of Peru plant opens its flowers at night. Is this tropism or nastic movement?
Nastic
Explain the difference between the flowers of gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Angiosperms have fruit while gymnosperms don't have fruit
What are the four different kinds of tissue that plant cells are organized into? What do they do ?
Chlorophyll tissue is specialized for photosynthesis.
Supporting tissue keeps the plant upright.
Protective tissue forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment and protects it from dying.
Conductive tissue transports xylem sap and phloem sap.
Describe the biological changes that take place after fertilization.
The pollen green will reach the stigma and forms the pollen tube. This tube leads the nucleus of the male gamete to the ovule and they fuse together forming the zygote.
After, seed formation occurs and if applicable, fruit formation will occur.
Why is photosynthesis important?
It creates organic material that becomes food for heterotrophs.
It produces O2, which is essential for many living things to breathe.
It removes CO2 from the atmosphere which helps regulate teh planet's temperature.
What differentiates tropism from nastic movements?
Tropisms are the growth responses of plants due to external stimuli. Plants can move towards or away from the stimulus.
Nastic movements are temporary in one part of a plant. They don't depend on the direction of the stimulus. They are usually faster and reversible.
Pteridophytes are vascular plants that don't have flowers or seeds. Explain their 3 structures.
Fronds: Large leaves divided into smaller leaves, leaflets or pinna.
Rhizome: An underground stem
Roots: They anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals.