Tectonic Faults and Stress
What is the term for a crack or fracture in Earth's crust along which movement occurs?
What is a Fault?
What instrument do scientists use to detect and record the vibrations produced by an earthquake?
What is a seismograph?
What is molten rock called when it is located beneath Earth's surface versus when it erupts onto the surface?
What is Magma beneath the surface; lava on the surface?
What geologic event underwater causes the majority of destructive tsunami waves?
What are Underwater earthquakes? (or uplifts)
What type of plate boundary is formed when two tectonic plates move or pull away from each other?
What is a Divergent Boundary
What type of stress squeezes or pushes rocks together, causing them to fold or break at convergent plate boundaries?
What is Compression?
What is the term for the point on Earth's surface located directly above where an earthquake originates underground?
What is an Epicenter?
What horseshoe-shaped belt around the Pacific Ocean contains approximately 75% of the world's active land volcanoes?
What is the Ring of Fire?
What noticeable warning sign often occurs along the shoreline right before a tsunami wave strikes, exposing the ocean floor?
What is Drawback? (will accept anything related to water receding.)
What type of plate boundary is formed when two tectonic plates slide horizontally past one another?
What is a Transform Boundary?
What type of fault forms when tension pulls rocks apart, causing the hanging wall to slide downward relative to the footwall?
What is a Normal Fault?
What is the exact point underground along a fault line where an earthquake's energy is first released?
What type of volcano, like Hawaii's Mauna Loa, features broad, gently sloping sides formed by quiet eruptions of runny lava?
What is a Shield Volcano?
As a tsunami travels from deep ocean water into shallow coastal waters, what happens to its speed and height?
What is a its speed decreasing and height increasing?
What major landform is created when two continental plates crash into each other head-on at a convergent boundary, like the Himalayas?
What are Mountain Ranges?
What type of stress pushes blocks of rock past each other horizontally in opposite directions, creating strike-slip faults?
Which fast-moving seismic body waves compress and expand the ground in a push-pull motion and arrive first at a recording station?
What are Primary waves? (P-Waves)
What fast-moving avalanche of superheated gas, ash, and rock fragments rushes down a volcano during an explosive eruption?
What is Pyroclastic Flow?
What type of tectonic plate boundary generates most major tsunamis due to vertical displacement of the seafloor?
What is a Convergent Boundary
What low-lying valley forms on a continent where the crust is being pulled apart at a divergent boundary, such as in East Africa?
What is a Rift Valley?
What scientific theory explains how rocks deform and store energy under stress until they break and snap back to their original shape, releasing earthquake energy?
What is Elastic-rebound theory? (I'll accept anything regarding the property of elasticity)
What logarithmic scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake, replacing the older Richter Scale for major seismic events?
What is the Moment Magnitude Scale?
What unusually hot area deep within Earth's mantle forms volcanic island chains like Hawaii far away from plate boundaries?
What is a Mantle Plume? (or Hotspot)
What specialized system of deep-ocean bottom pressure sensors and buoys detects tsunamis in open ocean water to send early warnings to coasts?
What is the D.A.R.T. System (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis)
What long, narrow, extremely deep depression forms on the ocean floor where an oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate at a subduction zone?
What is a Deep-Ocean Trench?