Nature of Science & Earthquakes
Earth's Composition
Misc.
Plate Interactions
Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes
100
Define Hypothesis? Define Theory? Define Law?
What is a proposed explanation. What a model that has been tested over and over again, and has been reviewed and accepted by peers. What is a general statement about how the natural world behaves that has been supported a countless number of times.
100
List the layers of the earth from top to bottom?
Crust (Continental - Oceanic) Uppermost Mantle Asthenosphere Upper Mantle Lower Mantle Outer Core Inner Core
100
How is science different from other forms of knowing?
Science is just the study of why things happen in the natural world. It does not solve answers that have to do with higher beings, or what the purpose of life is.
100
What are the different types of plate boundaries and explain them?
Convergent: Two plates pushing against each other causing a subduction zone or a rise. Divergent: Plates splitting apart creating new ocean floor forming mid-ocean ridges. Transform: Plates sliding past eachother
100
Differentiate between magma and lava?
Magma: Molten rock beneath the ground Lava: Molten rock above the ground
200
What causes earthquakes?
What is the plates interacting with each other. The faults at which plates come together have tension and push against each other and when they move they create earthquakes.
200
What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?
Continental Crust: Less dense, thicker, and made up of lighter minerals. Oceanic Crust: More dense, less thick, and made up of heavier minerals.
200
As you go deeper into the earth heat _____, and pressure _____?
Increases, Increases
200
What is convection in the layers of the earth?
Hot magma rises above cold magma and is pushed up onto the surface through mid-ocean ridges. Ridge push causes the plates to move away from mid-ocean ridges, and slab pull causes them to get pulled down into subduction zones and melt.
200
How are igneous rocks classified?
By color which determines the composition of the rock, and by texture which determines the origin of the rock
300
List the different waves generated by earthquakes and explain how fast they move and what they can move through?
P- Push and Pull, Fastest, move through everything S- Up and Down, Slower, move only through solids I- Surface waves that cause the most damage
300
Describe Wegener's hypothesis about continental drift.
Wegener believed that the earth was once one big super continent called Pangaea and that over a long period of time the continents drifted apart to where they are now.
300
What are the phases of matter of the layers of the earth?
Asthenosphere: Pliable - moves like plastic Outer Core: Liquid Everything else: Solid
300
What is a mantle plume?
Hot spot: Hot regions of the earth's mantle where high temp. magma plumes rise to the surface and create volcanoes and islands.
300
What are intrusive and extrusive rocks?
Intrusive: Have very coarse and porphyritic textures Extrusive: Have glassy, fine, vesicular, and porphyritic textures.
400
How do you find the epicenter of an earthquake?
There must be three different readings of the difference between how fast P and S waves got to a station. Circles are drawn at each station with the radius of the time lapse, and the point at which the circles meet is the epicenter.
400
Define these terms: Continental shelf: Continental slope: Abyssal Plane: Deep-sea Trench: Mid-Ocean Ridge: Seamounts:
Continental shelf: The area where the continent and ocean meet often forming beaches. Continental slope: The slope going down from the continental shelf. Abyssal Plane: The flattest part of the ocean deep below the surface. Deep-sea Trench: The deepest part of the ocean where subduction zones occur. Mid-Ocean Ridge: Underwater mountain ranges which form new oceanic crust that push the continents. Seamounts:
400
Why was Wegener's theory not accepted?
He had no way of proving how the continents moved because they process was too slow for him to test.
400
Why does the ocean floor have different magnetic reversals?
Every thousand years or so the magnetic pull of the earth switches and reverses causing the magnetic pull of oceanic plates to reverse.
400
What are the different types of volcanoes?
Shield, Cinder Cone, and Composite volcanoes
500
How is the magnitude of an earthquake determined?
By using a graph that shows the aptitude of the waves it takes the highest height of the waves and uses the Richter scale to determine the severity of it
500
How do scientists map the ocean floor?
By using sonar to send sound signals and determine the features of the ocean. Also by using magnetic reversals to determine the age of the features they record.
500
Where is the oldest part of the ocean floor?
The farthest parts away from mid-ocean ridges are the oldest parts of the ocean floor
500
Where are most convergent boundaries found?
On the edge of continental slopes where oceanic plates meet continental plates.
500
Determine the different volcanoes size, location, type of magma, and explosiveness.
Shield: Largest, divergent boundaries, basaltic magma, not very explosive. Composite: Medium size, subduction zones, andesitic magma, and very explosive. Cinder Cone: Smallest, convergent boundaries, basaltic, scoria, and andesitic magma, and pretty explosive.
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