Earth's Layers
Plate Tectonics
Mountain Building
Volcanoes

Earthquakes
100
The crust, the mantle, and the core.
What are the compositional layers of Earth?
100
-Fossils of same species found on different continents

-Location of mountains and rock formations

-Same ancient climatic conditions on different continents

What evidence suggests continents move?
100
Process by which rocks change shape when under stress (amount of force per unit area that is placed on an object).
What is deformation?
100
A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. Magma is melted rock (beneath a volcano). Lava is magma that has reached Earth's surface (erupts) and a vent is the opening of a volcano.
What is a volcano, and what are some of it's key features?
100
Earthquakes are ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth suddenly move and release energy as seismic waves. 

Focus: place WITHIN Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs                           Epicenter: ON the surface, above focus, where seismic waves flow outward.

What is an earthquake, and what are some key features of it?
200
The lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core.
What are Earth's physical layers?
200
Process where molten rock inside Earth rises through the cracks in the ridges, cools, and forms new oceanic crust. Old crust is destroyed as new crust is made, so Earth stays the same size.
What is sea-floor spreading?
200
It occurs when rock layers bend under stress. They two folds are called anticline (arch down/old layers at core) and syncline (arch up/ young layers at core).
What is folding and what are two types of folds?
200
Volcanic mountains, fissures, lava plateaus (thick, flat, lava layer), craters (opening at volcano top), magma chamber (expanded area of magma inside volcano),

and caldera (basin-shaped depression).

What are some volcanic land forms?
200
Stress causes deformation in rocks. Elastic rebound is when the return of rock to original shape after elastic deformation. The movement of rock from the "pulled rubber band" to it's original shape causes an earthquake.
What causes earthquakes?
300
Crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium 

Mantle: more magnesium, less aluminum and silicon (than crust)

Core: iron and nickel

What are the crust, mantle, and core made of?
300
Form where two plates combine. -> <-
What is a convergent boundary?
300
-Blocks move horizontally

-At transform boundaries                                          -Caused by shear stress (pushes rock in parallel but opposite directions

What is a strike-slip fault?
300
-Broad base, gently sloping sides

-Mild eruptions                                                          -Lava (layers) builds cone

What are shield volcanoes?
300
At tectonic plate boundaries 

divergent: normal faults, shallow earthquakes convergent: reverse faults, strong earthquakes           transorm: strike-slip, shallow earthquakes

Where do earthquakes happen?
400
Tectonic plates.
What is the lithosphere made of?
400
Form where two plates move away from each other. Allows asthenosphere to rise and partially melt. <- ->
What is a divergent boundary?
400
-Form at divergent boundaries

-Form when rock is under tension (stress that stretches/pulls rock apart)

What is a normal fault?
400
-Steep sides

-Built by ash and lave pieces (cinders) that fall around vent

What are cinder cone volcanoes?
400
Cause structures to collapse and cause secondary damages (fires, gas leaks, floods, polluted waters).
How are earthquakes a danger?
500
The asthenosphere (top, weak/soft, made of slowly flowing rock.) and the mesosphere (lower, strong, rok flows slower)
What are the two layers of the mantle?
500
Forms when two plates move past each other horizontally. Not smooth, cause earthquakes. 

<-

-> 

What is a transform boundary?
500
-Form at convergent boundaries

-Forms during compression (stress that squeezes/pushes rock)                                             -Hanging wall moves up relative to foot wall

What are reverse faults?
500

-Large and steep                                                      -Formed by layers of hardened lava and pyroclastic materials                                                                  -Mild eruptions

What are composite volcanoes?
500
Formed when underwater earthquakes cause vertical movement of sea floor that displaces water. Can travel up to 800 km/h and waves can be 30 ft high.
What is a tsunami?
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