What is the order of the Earth's layers, starting from the surface?
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
100
When you touch a hot pot or pan, energy moves from the pot to your hand. This is called what?
heat transfer.
100
What is Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift?
The continents were once joined together in a single landmass
100
The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle
Subduction
100
Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock
a fossil
200
What is Earth's inner core made of?
a dense ball of solid metal
200
The transfer of energy through empty space is called what?
radiation
200
The name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
Pangaea
200
Old oceanic crust is more dense than new oceanic crust because it is (hot, cool, moving toward a deep ocean trench, closer to the mid-ocean ridge)
cool
200
Earthquakes produce _____________ that travel through Earth.
Seismic waves
300
In the mantle, heat is transferred as soft rock flows slowly in cycles known as ______________
convection currents
300
Heat transfer within a fluid is called what?
Convection
300
The lithosphere is broken into sections called ______________, which float on top of the asthenosphere.
plates
300
What is a transform boundary?
A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions
300
Scientists think that the ________________, made of liquid iron and nickel, moves to produce Earth's magnetic field.
Outer core
400
Geologists learn about Earth's interior by studying _________________________ which move through Earth.
Seismic waves
400
When the heat source is removed from a fluid, convection currents in the fluid will:
Speed up, eventually stop, change direction, continue at the same rate forever
Eventually stop
400
The formation of volcanoes and mountain ranges can be explained by the theory of _______________.
plate tectonics
400
Which type of boundary does a rift valley form?
divergent plate boundary
400
Earth's solid inner core is surrounded by the hot, molten metal of which layer?
outer core
500
Subduction occurs where the oceanic crust bends down toward the mantle at a(n)
deep-ocean trench
500
The energy from the sun that warms your face is transferred by a process called what?
radiation
500
What were the three types of evidence used by Alfred Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis?
Landforms, fossils, climate
500
A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces what?
a mountain ridge
500
Pressure increases with depth toward the center of Earth. In which layer would you expect pressure to be the greatest?