Biology
Which of the following cellular structures is directly involved in protein synthesis?
A) Mitochondria
B) Nucleus
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi apparatus
What are ribosomes?
Which of the following elements is the most electronegative?
A) Oxygen
B) Carbon
C) Nitrogen
D) Fluorine
What is fluorine?
An object in free fall has an acceleration due to gravity of approximately:
A) 2 m/s²
B) 5 m/s²
C) 9.8 m/s²
D) 20 m/s²
What is 9.8 m/s²?
In Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, the sound of a bell before food was introduced is an example of a:
A) Conditioned stimulus
B) Unconditioned stimulus
C) Conditioned response
D) Unconditioned response
What is conditioned stimulus
In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the:
A) Cytoplasm
B) Mitochondrial membrane
C) Nuclear membrane
D) Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the mitochondrial membrane?
Which of the following macromolecules serves as the primary energy source for cellular functions?
A) Nucleic acids
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Carbohydrates
What are carbohydrates?
The solubility of a gas in a liquid decreases with increasing temperature because:
A) The kinetic energy of gas molecules decreases.
B) Increased temperature reduces gas-liquid interactions.
C) Increased temperature increases gas-liquid interactions.
D) Pressure decreases with increasing temperature.
What is increased temperature reduces gas-liquid interactions?
What phenomenon causes a straw to appear bent when placed in a glass of water?
A) Destructive interference
B) Refraction
C) Diffraction
D) Constructive interference
What is refraction?
Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for regulating emotions?
A) Cerebellum
B) Hippocampus
C) Amygdala
D) Thalamus
What is the Amygdala?
Which type of memory is responsible for temporarily holding information for manipulation, such as solving a math problem?
A) Sensory memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Working memory
D) Long-term memory
What is a working memory?
During DNA replication, the enzyme DNA polymerase synthesizes a new strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Which of the following is most likely to occur if DNA polymerase’s exonuclease activity is disabled?
A) Replication proceeds with increased speed but lower accuracy.
B) The enzyme will lose the ability to unwind DNA.
C) DNA replication will be unaffected since exonuclease activity is redundant.
D) DNA polymerase will switch to synthesizing in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
What is replication proceeds with increased speed but lower accuracy?
Which of the following compounds would act as the best buffer at a pH of 4.5?
A) Acetic acid (pKa=4.7)
B) Ammonia (pKa=9.25)
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Carbonic acid (pKa=6.4)
What is acetic acid (pKa=4.7)
When the speed of an object doubles, its kinetic energy:
A) Doubles
B) Remains the same
C) Quadruples
D) Halves
What is quadruples?
A researcher finds that individuals from a collectivist culture have different cognitive biases compared to those from individualistic cultures. Which of the following biases is more likely to be observed among individuals from collectivist cultures?
A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Self-effacing bias
D) Optimism bias
What is self-effacing bias?
A certain bacterial species contains a plasmid with a gene encoding resistance to an antibiotic. If the bacterium loses the plasmid through a process called “plasmid curing,” what is the likely outcome for the bacterium when exposed to this antibiotic in future generations?
A) The bacterium will replicate more quickly due to the absence of the plasmid.
B) The bacterium will be unable to synthesize proteins.
C) The bacterium will lose resistance to the antibiotic.
D) The bacterium will develop a new mechanism of resistance.
What is the bacterium will lose resistance to the antibiotic?
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously. This is primarily because:
A) Prokaryotes have a larger genome.
B) Prokaryotes lack a nuclear envelope.
C) Prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes.
D) Prokaryotes lack introns in their genes.
What are prokaryotes lack a nuclear envelope?
If a reaction releases energy to its surroundings, it is considered:
A) Endothermic
B) Exothermic
C) Isothermal
D) Adiabatic
What is exothermic?
In which of the following cases will the normal force on a box be the greatest?
A) When the box is placed in a stationary elevator
B) When the box is placed in an elevator moving upwards at constant velocity
C) When the box is placed in an elevator accelerating downward
D) When the box is placed in an elevator accelerating upward
What is when the box is placed in an elevator accelerating upward?
Which sociological perspective is most likely to examine how the language used in religious rituals reinforces social hierarchies?
A) Functionalism
B) Conflict theory
C) Symbolic interactionism
D) Social exchange theory
What is conflict theory?
In a gene for a certain protein, a mutation changes an adenine nucleotide to a guanine nucleotide. This results in the substitution of a nonpolar amino acid with a charged amino acid. Which of the following is most likely the effect of this mutation on protein function?
A) The protein will fold correctly and maintain full functionality.
B) The mutation will lead to a frameshift, altering all downstream amino acids.
C) The altered amino acid could disrupt protein folding and lead to aggregation.
D) The protein will be degraded immediately, regardless of the cellular environment.
What is the altered amino acid could disrupt protein folding and lead to aggregation?
In a metabolic pathway, enzyme A catalyzes the conversion of substrate X to intermediate Y, which is then converted to product Z by enzyme B. An allosteric inhibitor binds to enzyme A, blocking the pathway. If enzyme B is upregulated, what effect will this likely have on the overall pathway flux?
A) It will increase the concentration of intermediate Y.
B) It will increase the production of product Z.
C) It will have no effect on the pathway flux.
D) It will decrease the inhibition of enzyme A.
What is it will have no effect on the pathway flux?
What pH scale measures the acidity or basicity of a substance, with this value representing neutrality?
A) 3
B) 7
C) 6
D) 8
What is 7?
The Gibbs free energy for a reaction is -10 kJ/mol at 298 K, but increases to +5 kJ/mol when the temperature is raised to 400 K. Which of the following best explains this behavior?
A) The reaction has a positive enthalpy change and positive entropy change.
B) The reaction has a negative enthalpy change and positive entropy change.
C) The reaction has a negative enthalpy change and negative entropy change.
D) The reaction has a positive enthalpy change and negative entropy change.
What is the reaction has a negative enthalpy change and negative entropy change?
According to Piaget, during which cognitive stage are children most likely to understand the concept of conservation?
A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Preoperational stage
C) Concrete operational stage
D) Formal operational stage
What is the concrete operational stage?
Which hormone is released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenaline
What is insulin?