Cardio Gen
The pressure exerted on the ventricular walls by the volume of blood in the ventricles before contraction
What is preload
When the substance is going from tubule to
capillary (retrieved back to the body)
What is reabsorption
Cell that produces mucus
What is a goblet cell
R: Another term for respiratory stimulant
What is analeptic
R: Loop diuretics inhibit the reabsorption of what ions from the Loop of Henle
What is sodium (Na+) [and Chlorine (Cl-)]
The ability of cardiac cells to spontaneously depolarize and initiate an action potential.
A series of tubules and ducts in the kidney that connect the nephrons to the ureter
What is the collecting ducts
This group of drugs stimulate α1-receptors causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels of nasal passages
§ Relieves congestion by reducing the swelling of the mucous membranes
What are decongestants
R; This diuretic:
Increases renal medullary blood flow.
• Decreases intracranial / intraocular pressure
Used primarily:
• oliguric renal failure (urine output low+++++)
• Acute glaucoma (creating intraocular pressure)
• Cerebral edema (creating intracerebral pressure)
R: This antitussive is:
-extra-label use
-opioid , controlled substance
-long-term use results in constipation
-PO , can cause GI upset & sedation
What is Hydrocodone or Trade Name Hycodan
Sensory receptors that monitor arterial pressure.
What are baroreceptors
This diuretic:
Retains water in the renal tubules by its physical
presence
It is freely filtered into the Bowman’s capsule BUT POORLY reabsorbed from the renal tubule, this provides a solute that ʻosmoticallyʼ retains water in the renal tubular lumen.
Sodium , Chloride , Potassium , Water: are excrete
The process of removing mucus and debris from the respiratory tract by the coordinated action of cilia and mucus production.
What is mucociliary clearance
C: Drug x has extensive ‘first-pass effect’ if given orally. It also produces GI irritation. As a result - it is used only as an IV administered drug
• CRI
• Multiple slow bolus doses to maintain sufficient
blood concentration
What is lidocaine
R: Sometimes referred to as ‘aldosterone
antagonists’
What is potassium sparing diuretics
A hormone system that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
What is Renin-Angiotensin Cascade (RAAS)
These diuretics are compatible with:
• Furosemide
• Digoxin
• ACE inhibitors
Used for cases of:
• CHF
• Fluid retention d/t liver failure
This group increases the fluidity of mucus by generating watery secretions by respiratory tract cells, increasing the amount of fluid moved from the lower respiratory tract so it can be coughed up or spit out. They should only be used for productive coughs because increasing fluid volume in the lower respiratory tract without a need to clear mucus could be detrimental.
What are expectorants
C: A venous vasodilator that primarily relaxes blood vessels on the venous
side of circulation
• Treats pulmonary edema secondary to heart
failure
• Dosed in inches
• Well absorbed through skin
What is Nitroglycerin
Long term use of this group of diuretics causes excessive potassium excretion leading to
• Hypokalemia
• Cardiac dysfunction
• GI upset
Note: May need a potassium rich diet or a supplement
• Comparable loss of potassium as with furosemide
• Used for early stages of CHF
• but ineffective when renal blood supply
becomes low
• So not good for severe CHF, pulmonary edema,
systemic hypertension
What are thiazide diuretics
Measures both the resistance to blood flow back into the capillaries and the arterial pressure that is pushing the blood from the arteries into the arterioles and capillaries
What is Capillary Refill Time (CRT)
Used to treat ‘spinal cord bladders’
where there has been damage to the
nerves which control relaxation of
the urinary bladder outflow
sphincters
What is cholinergic agonists
This Drug group:
Major Types
a. Beta-2-Adrenergic Agonists
b. Methylxanthines
Minor Types
a. Anticholinergics
b. Antihistamines
What are bronchodilators
R: ACE inhibitor (benazepril HCl) + diuretic (spironolactone) = this potassium sparing diuretic
What is Cardalis
R: This expectorant:
o PO
o not that common in veterinary medicine
o some1mes used as an equine general anesthe1c
inducer to produce muscle relaxa1on
What is Guaifenesin glyceryl guaiacolate ; Guailaxin®