Acid-Base & Compensation
Retention of CO₂ causes this primary acid-base disorder.
What is respiratory acidosis?
Typical pneumonia usually causes this chest x-ray finding.
What is lobar consolidation?
The major virulence factor of pneumococcus is this structure.
What is the polysaccharide capsule?
Pleural fluid is normally removed primarily through these structures.
What are the parietal pleural lymphatics?
Hypercapnia means elevated levels of this gas in arterial blood.
What is CO₂?
The kidneys compensate for chronic hypercapnia by increasing reabsorption of this ion.
What is bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)?
Atypical pneumonia most commonly produces this type of cough
What is a dry cough?
This stage of lobar pneumonia is characterized by RBCs, neutrophils, and fibrin in alveoli.
What is red hepatization?
Pneumonia most commonly causes this type of pleural effusion.
What is an exudative parapneumonic effusion?
This type of ventilation represents ventilation without perfusion.
What is dead space ventilation?
Mr. Stahl’s baseline ABG demonstrated this acid-base disorder:
What is compensated chronic respiratory acidosis?
Typical pneumonia primarily affects this lung structure.
What are the alveoli?
This physical exam finding occurs because consolidated lung transmits high-frequency sounds better.
What is egophony?
This Light’s criteria favor an exudative effusion.
What is elevated pleural fluid protein or LDH?
Destruction of alveolar septa in emphysema increases this physiologic abnormality.
What is physiologic dead space?
After furosemide, Mr. Stahl developed this acid-base disorder.
What is contraction metabolic alkalosis?
Atypical pneumonia primarily causes inflammation in this region.
What is the interstitium?
Mr. Stahl’s sputum Gram stain showed these bacteria.
What are gram-positive diplococci?
The low pleural fluid pH in Mr. Stahl’s case suggests this.
What is intense inflammatory/neutrophilic activity?
The MOST important reason supplemental oxygen worsens hypercapnia in COPD is worsening of this physiologic mismatch.
What is V/Q mismatch?
This electrolyte abnormality helped maintain Mr. Stahl’s metabolic alkalosis after diuresis.
What is hypokalemia?
This symptom is classically associated with pneumococcal pneumonia.
What is rust-colored sputum?
This stage of lobar pneumonia involves macrophage cleanup and restoration of alveolar architecture.
What is resolution?
This procedure improved Mr. Stahl’s ventilation by removing 1000 cc of pleural fluid.
What is thoracentesis?
This physiologic mechanism normally redirects blood away from poorly ventilated alveoli.
What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction?