Chapter 28
A screening measure of weight relative to height, calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.
Body mass index (BMI)
A group of disorders in which blood glucose remains too high because the body does not produce enough insulin, does not use insulin effectively, or both.
Diabetes mellitus
An abnormally high concentration of dissolved particles in a body fluid, such as blood, relative to the amount of water.
Hyperosmolality
Relating to the gastrointestinal tract; enteral nutrition supplies nutrients through that tract, often through a feeding tube.
Enteral
Eating an unusually large amount of food within a limited time while feeling a loss of control over eating.
Binge eating
Material remaining in the intestine after digestion and absorption that contributes to stool, including undigested food components.
Residue
Delivered by a route outside the gastrointestinal tract; parenteral nutrition supplies nutrients directly into the bloodstream through an intravenous line.
Parenteral
Intravenous nutrition that supplies all nutritional requirements while bypassing the gastrointestinal tract, typically through a central venous catheter.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
Intravenous nutrition delivered through a peripheral vein using a less concentrated solution, generally for short-term or supplemental support.
Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN)
An abbreviation of nil per os, meaning “nothing by mouth”; an order restricting oral intake.
NPO
Tubes placed through an opening in the abdominal wall directly into the stomach to provide nutrition, fluids, or medications.
Gastrostomy tubes
A device that delivers liquid nutrition through a feeding tube at a controlled rate.
Feeding pump
An eating disorder involving severe restriction of food intake, significantly low body weight, fear of gaining weight or behaviors that prevent weight gain, and a disturbed perception of body weight or shape.
Anorexia nervosa
Blood pressure that remains persistently above the normal range.
Hypertension
Difficulty swallowing food, liquids, or saliva.
Dysphagia
Gastrostomy tubes placed through the skin and abdominal wall into the stomach using an endoscope to guide placement.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube
Buildup of fatty plaque inside arteries, causing them to narrow and harden and reducing blood flow.
Atherosclerosis
A heart attack: death of part of the heart muscle caused by a prolonged interruption of its blood supply.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
An eating disorder involving repeated binge-eating episodes followed by behaviors intended to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative misuse, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Bulimia nervosa
Relating to the period after surgery.
Postoperative
The body’s ongoing maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions, such as temperature, fluid balance, and blood glucose.
Homeostasis
Tubes passed through the nose, down the esophagus, and into the stomach for feeding, medications, or removal of stomach contents.
Nasogastric (NG) tubes
During the period before surgery.
Preoperatively
A condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs or can do so only with increased pressure inside the heart.
Heart failure (HF)
Feeding tubes that deliver nutrition into the small intestine. A jejunostomy tube enters the jejunum through the abdominal wall; a duodenal tube ends in the duodenum, often after passing through the nose and stomach.
Jejunostomy or duodenal tubes
The presence of glucose in the urine.
Glycosuria