Medicine
Trauma
Surgery
Radiology
Pediatrics
100
Segmental occlusive disease affecting arteries and veins, clinically presenting in M>F younger than 45 years old with a current/recent history of tobacco usage. Characterized by arterial thrombosis formation and occlusion, redness or cyanosis in the dependent limb and venous inflammation and occlusion.
What is Buerger's Disease? What is another name for Buerger's Disease?
100
Not all fractures require rigid internal fixation, as long as the main fracture is stabilized, then the secondary fractures maintain themselves in the reduced position due to the presence of ligamentous & other soft tissue attachments.
What is Vassal's Principle?
100
Procedure involving release of these muscles: flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti quinti, abductor hallucis. Usually done as an adjunct procedure surgical correction of the cavus foot.
What is Steindler Stripping? What additional structures are released?
100
The calcaneal axis is displaced laterally relative to the anatomical axis of the tibia because of its stepped articulation with the talus by means of the sustentaculum tali. To visualize this relationship on X-ray, a long axial view radiograph can be obtained at 45 degrees inclined to the horizontal or at 20 degrees to the horizontal. .
What is the Saltzman view?
100
1st bone to ossify before birth: Last bone to ossify before birth:
What is the calcaneus? What is the cuboid? Bonus: 1st bone to ossify after birth?
200
A 36-year-old female has a history of recurrent masses in the medial longitudinal arch of the right foot. What is the most likely primary lesion of the foot causing metastasis to the lung? A. melanoma. B. rhabdomyosarcoma. C. fibrosarcoma. D. neurofibromatosis.
What is fibrosarcoma?
200
A patient presents with an inversion ankle sprain. Stress inversion radiographs reveal a 15 degree difference between the symptomatic and asymptomatic ankle. A peroneal tenogram reveals contrast media within the ankle joint and extravasation anterior, lateral, and distal to the lateral malleolus. These findings are consistent with rupture of:
What is the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments?
200
This type of plate does not require its intimate contact with the underlying bone in all areas. Thus, there is no need to compress the periosteum and bone into the plate as the screws utilized with not loosen.
What is a locking plate?
200
Also known as the "great mimicker" it manifests on X-ray as an acute painful osteopenia following minor trauma. Patients are typically over age 50 and of type A personality presenting with progressive onset of pain, stiffness, swelling and atrophy distal to the site of injury over a 3-6 month period.
What is Regional Complex Pain Syndrome? What is this condition formerly named?
200
Prime cause of flexible flatfoot deformity and the most frequently encountered congenital podiatric deformity in which the dorsal surface of the foot is in contact with the anterior surface of the lower leg. Navicular is laterally displaced to the talus. Radiological findings: Increased talar declination angle (lateral view) Plantarflexed talus (lateral view)
What is congenital calcaneovalgus?
300
Syndrome characterized by deficiency of zinc or folate, vitamin B12 neuropathy or iron deficiency. A neurological disorder in which patient experiences an irresistible urge to move his/her body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations.
What is Restless Leg Syndrome ("Ekbom's Syndrome")?
300
A 27-year-old man develops a deep wound infection three weeks following open reduction and internal fixation of a pilon ankle fracture with interfragmental screws and a medial buttress plate. The wound is debrided and the patient is placed on intravenous (IV) antibiotics. What should be done with the hardware? A. removed regardless of the degree of fracture healing. B. removed and an external fixator applied. C. left in place until fracture union is obtained, unless loosening occurs. D. removed only if exposed.
What is left in place until fracture union is obtained, unless loosening occurs?
300
A 30-year-old male, who had a resection of a calcaneonavicular bar at age 11, exhibits fixed valgus deformity of his foot. Radiographs demonstrate the recurrence of a calcaneonavicular coalition with subtalar joint degeneration and talar beaking. What is the appropriate surgical treatment? A. resection of coalition with interposition of extensor digitorum brevis muscle. B. subtalar joint arthrodesis. C. resection of coalition with subtalar arthroereisis. D. triple arthrodesis.
What is triple arthrodesis? What is the order of resection and fixation?
300
Lack of calcium in osteoid matrix laid down by osteoblasts leading to improper bone mineralization. Symptoms include muscle weakness, bone pain on palpation and bone deformity. X-ray shows osteoid seams, lines of unmineralized bone appearing as pseudo-fractures, thin cortex (endosteal blurring).
What is Osteomalacia?
300
Talar head subluxed below the navicular. Talus has an hourglass shape. Clinical findings: - Rigid deformity with heel in neutral/vertical - A depression is found anterior to the lateral malleolus - Convex plantar aspect - FF is abducted and there is DF of the FF on the RF - Tendoachilles & anterior muscle group is tight - No supination present (talar movement is impossible) - Calcaneal equinus
What is convex pes valgus (vertical talus)?
400
A 60-year-old male develops an anaphylactic reaction secondary to a drug injection. Epinephrine (Adrenalin) 0.5 cc. is injected intramuscularly (IM) immediately. What is the purpose of administering this drug in this situation? A. slow the rate of absorption of the offending drug. B. strengthen myocardial contractions. C. combat cardiac arrhythmias. D. dilate the bronchioles.
What is dilate the bronchioles?
400
Patient presents with a chronic peroneus longus tendon rupture resulting in his foot being in a dorsiflexed and inverted position. As treatment, lateral transfer of this tendon to the cuneiforms is then performed.
What is the anterior tibial tendon?
400
According to Mathes & Nahai classification, this is a type II muscle flap receiving its arterial blood supply from the extra-muscular branches of the popliteal, posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. The advantage of using this muscle to cover defects in the middle and distal third of the lower leg is being able of using half of the muscle and thus, preserve partial function of the muscle.
What is the soleus muscle?
400
Phase of fracture repair characterized by periosteum and haversian system damaged bleeding to form a hematoma. Osteocytes die from ischemia creating necrotic tissue that induces vasodilation, edema and macrophage attraction.
What is Inflammatory Phase of Fracture Phase?
400
Thickening of fascial bands about the base of the proximal phalanges of the digits, causing a constriction of the underlying tissues that is visible on x-ray. This constriction leads to auto-amputation and although easily diagnosed in X-ray there is no treatment for this disorder.
What is Ainhum's disease?
500
These drugs, or class of drugs, have the following mechanisms of action: 1. Reduce glucose production in liver. 2. Increase insulin secretion from beta cells. 3. Increase insulin sensitivity. 4. Decrease starch absorption.
What is Metformin, Sulfonylureas, Thiazolidinediones, Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors?
500
A 21- year- old female presents with pain and swelling to the right ankle. The patient states that last week she jumped from a high fence on to uneven ground, twisted her foot and fell forward. Assuming that the foot was inverted and then forced into dorsiflexion, this type of trauma would suggest what type of frequently missed fracture? A. lateral process of the talus. B. avulsion of the medial malleolus. C. oblique proximal fibula. D. sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.
What is the lateral process of the talus?
500
When considering muscle flaps, this particular muscle is unique due to its pattern of vascularity consisting of a constant proximal perforator branch within 2-4 cm of its origin, which is the main pedicle of the proximally based flap. Another constant perforator to this muscle lies 6-8 cm from the lateral malleolus.
What is the Peroneus Brevis?
500
Form of neuropathic joint disease affecting the large weight bearing joints and characterized by the six D's: joint Distention, Density increase, Debris production, Dislocation, Disorganization and Destruction.
What is Hypertrophic Form of the Charcot Foot?
500
When correcting a frontal plane ankle deformity from a varus to valgus position, this nerve undergoes stretching and therefore this additional procedure should be considered.
What is a Prophylactic Tarsal Tunnel Decompression?
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