Introduction
Explain the difference between authority and legitimacy.
Legitimacy converts power to authority. Legitimacy comes from different places, including social contracts between people and consent. An example of this is a police officer pulling you over for speeding and giving you a ticket that you pay, because without the legitimacy to do so, you would not pull over nor would you pay a ticket.
What are (some of) the internal and external functions of the state?
Internal Functions (regarding own population): pursue its own interests as a state, guardian for the interest of society and as a tool of subgroups in society.
External Functions (regarding other states): Manage relations with other states; protect people/territory from outside attacks.
**What is the date and time of your exam?
Thursday, December 12, 2024 at noon
What characterizes democracy?
Political system based on elected representatives, self government by citizens. Democracy usually includes changes of government through regular elections, various institutional checks and balances, a strong legal tradition that provides equality for its citizens under the law, and some form of civil society capable of articulating the people’s political and social preferences.
**Spell our names.
KADEN
CLAIRE
**Spell the professor's first name.
SERBULENT
Explain the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
Westphalia established:
1. The sovereignty of states and their fundamental right to self-determination
2. Legal equality between states
3. Non-intervention of one state in the affairs of another
Define hegemony. Give an example.
Those in power do not only define what is legal and illegal but what is normal and abnormal. Cultural supremacy by way of normalization.
**What do you need to bring to your exam?
Water, writing tools, your student ID card and a sense of courage.
Explain the difference between positive and negative freedoms. Give an example of each.
(Rousseau) - positive freedoms are the duty of the state to provide a decent standard of living, such as the right to an education.
What is governance?
Governance draws the boundaries of the governmental process wider, including traditional institutions (i.e. parliament, the court, and bureaucracies) and all other inputs that may influence decisions affecting society (i.e. market, interest groups, business organizations, universities, churches, sport, and family)
**What room is your exam in?
Brock Commons South (BRCS) - 1030
What are Weber's three types of authority?
Traditional Authority: based on traditional customs and values eg. the monarch’s divine right to rule
Charismatic Authority: based on the personal traits of an individual and often associated with dictators. In Weber’s opinion, this is often an unreliable form of authority.
Legal-rational authority: based on the status of a ruler’s office as part of a system of constitutional rules or religious texts. This is most common today.
What are four forms of democracy?
Direct democracy - direct rule
Representative democracy - rule by elected representatives
Liberal democracy - promotion of participation, emphasis on individual rights and freedoms
Illiberal democracy - do not promote individual rights and freedoms
What is the harm principle? Can you explain why it is hard to put the harm principle into practice?
JS Mill said that more freedom leads to more happiness, so only actions that harm others should be limited by the state or society. In other words, as long as you are not hurting others, you should be able to do as you please.
What are Aristotle's three "proper" forms of government and three "deviant" forms of government? How are they classified?
Rule by one: monarchy/tyranny
Rule by few: aristocracy/oligarchy
Rule by many: polity/democracy
What are states? Where did states come from?
Max Weber: the state is an institution claiming a “monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force in enforcing its order within a given territorial area”
State capacity: the ability of a government to administer its territory effectively - extractive capacity, steering capacity, legitimation capacity, coercive capacity
The cost of warfare produced need for tax collection, and bureaucracy became central part of the state. Colonialism became part of the economic ventures of states looking for cash and influence and spread the western system of states far and wide.
What are Lukes' three faces of power?
1. Getting someone to do something they would not otherwise do
2. Power of non-decision-making, when dominant elites keep issues out of decision-making arenas
3. Getting someone to act against their own interets
What are Lively's seven possible democracies?
1. All should govern in all legislating
2. All should be involved in crucial decision-making
3. Rulers should be accountable to the ruled
4. Rulers should be accountable to the representatives of the ruled
5. Rules should be chosen by the ruled.
6. Rulers should be chosen by the representatives of the ruled.
7. Rulers should act in the interests of the ruled.
What are Rawls' two principles of justice? Which matters more?
2. Difference principle: Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they benefit the least advantaged and provide equality of opportunity.
1 takes priority over 2.