Theories
This theory is concerned almost exclusively with the Certainty, Severity and Swiftness of Punishment
Deterrence Theory
This type of policing prevents crime by focusing on the root causes of crime
Problem-solving policing
What are the 4 elements of PJ theory & PJ policing?
Voice, Respect, Impartiality, Understanding
When a strategy is effective but has negative consequences, these are called what?
Backfire effects
Describe the Minneapolis Domestic VIolence Experiment
This experiment was for Domestic violence instances. Officers either arrested, separated or mediated situations. Those who were arrested did less crime in the future. This led to some states getting mandatory arrest laws.
Describe Situational Crime Prevention & Routine Activities Theory
These theories are concerned with changing the opportunities for crime. This can include increasing capable guardians and making targets less suitable. This can include increasing police or adding locks or CCTV and street lighting.
This type of policing includes third party policing and problem-oriented policing.
Problem-Solving Policing
Police find that about 50 young adults are engaged in a lot of violence related to the gangs they are involved with. Which strategy may work in this scenario to reduce violence?
Focused-deterrence
Is hot spots policing more or less effective than SQF? Which is worse for police-community relations?
More effective. Hot spots is also better for communities (when implemented properly and fairly).
Which experiment helped Wilson & Kelling develop their theory?
Abandoned Car
These two theories are concerned with how law is administered and citizen's perceptions of the encounters
Defiance & Procedural Justice
This strategy is based on the idea that a small percentage of people make up the majority of crime.
Person-focused policing
Name some police strategies that are focused on the idea of increasing the certainty of punishment? How about the severity of punishment?
Certainty: Hot spots, focused deterrence, CCTV, SQF
Severity: Focused deterrence
This strategy was found to reduce crime very slightly but had too many negative consequences to make it worth the costs
SQF
This experiment helped to demonstrate that policing specific locations with high crime can reduce crime
Minneapolis Hot Spots
Broken Windows theory suggests disordered policing is deemed to be effective because it reduced what first? What second?
BW theory argues that police can reduce disorder and then fear. Once fear is reduced, crime should be reduced.
This strategy is based on the idea that a small percentage of locations make up the majority of crime.
Place-based policing
Place-based policing includes what 2 strategies & it is based on the fact that crime is what?
CCTV and Hot Spots. Around 50% of crime is concentrated in 5% of addresses/locations.
Which strategies have the least harmful, and in some instances, positive outcomes for community members?
Problem-oriented policing and community-oriented policing
This experiment can best be described as implementing proactive, reactive and standard (general) patrol in different neighborhoods.
Kansas City Preventative Patrol
What are the 3 components of Routine Activities Theory?
Suitable Targets
Lack of Capable Guardians
Which 3 of the 4 approaches are the most effective at reducing crime overall?
Person-focused, Place-based and Problem-solving
What is the best strategy to implement in a community to reduce crime? (Trick Question)
A mix of them!
These 2 strategies are found to be the most effective (hint: 1 is person-focused and 1 is place-based)
Focused deterrence and hot spots
Why are experiments difficult to implement in policing?
Fidelity, Compliance, Expensive, difficulty finding comparison groups/cities