EVT
This type of economic voting asks “How has the economy been under the incumbent up to now?” rather than “What will it be like in the future?”
What is retrospective economic voting?
Duverger distinguishes “internally created” parties, built inside parliaments, from this type, rooted in organizations like unions and churches.
What are externally created parties?
Lipset & Rokkan argue that European party systems long reflected the conflicts generated by the “national” and “industrial” revolutions. These enduring conflict lines are known by this term.
What are social cleavages?
The Manifesto Project’s main left–right index, criticized by Mölders, is known by this four-letter acronym.
What is RILE (right–left index)?
The Columbia school (Lazarsfeld et al.) explained vote choice mainly as a function of this kind of factor, such as religion, class, and community ties.
What are social or group-based factors?
When voters judge the national economy as a whole rather than their own pocketbook, they are using this perspective.
What is sociotropic economic evaluation?
Kirchheimer’s “catch-all party” thesis argues that post-war parties downplayed ideology and social roots in order to maximize this.
What is vote-seeking or electoral support?
Hooghe & Marks argue that recent conflicts around EU integration, migration, and globalization constitute this new cleavage that cuts across old class lines.
What is the transnational (GAL–TAN) cleavage?
Budge (2000) discusses the strengths and limits of this method of locating parties, based on scholars’ direct placements rather than text analysis.
What are expert judgements (expert surveys)?
In the Michigan model, this long-term psychological attachment sits at the top of the “funnel of causality” and structures how voters see candidates and issues.
What is party identification?
Duch & Stevenson argue that economic voting is strongest when this is high, meaning voters can easily tell who is responsible for economic outcomes.
What is clarity of responsibility?
Kitschelt’s 2007 party–voter linkage framework identifies three main modes of democratic accountability: programmatic, clientelistic, and this third, leader-centered mode.
What is charismatic (or personalistic) linkage?
Lipset & Rokkan’s classic scheme links European party families to cleavage lines produced by these two broad processes (name both).
What is the 1920s (or the early interwar era)?
In Hausermann et al. (2025), far-right and new-left voters differ less on economic redistribution than on their views about immigration, multiculturalism, and minority rights. This shows that their main divide sits on this ideological dimension rather than the classic left–right economic scale.
What is the socio-cultural (or cultural/second/GAL-TAN) dimension?
V. O. Key’s phrase “voters are not fools” was directed against the Michigan model’s emphasis on stable party ID, arguing instead that voters can use this type of issue-based evaluation of government performance.
What is issue voting (or responsible issue-based voting)?
Achen & Bartels show that voters heavily overweight very recent economic performance, a pattern they label with this term.
What is myopic evaluation (short-sighted economic voting)?
According to Aldrich, parties in the early U.S. emerged mainly to solve this problem in legislatures.
What is unstable majority coalitions (cycling majorities)?
Adams et al. (2006) and Wagner & Meyer (2016) treat green, radical right, and some regionalist parties as this type of party, focused on a narrow issue dimension.
What are niche parties?
The modern terms “left” and “right” in politics originate from seating arrangements in this country’s national legislature, where supporters of the revolution and radical change sat to the King's left and defenders of monarchy and order sat to the right.
What is French National Assembly?
In Downs’s economic model, a citizen compares the expected utilities from government under two parties. The net advantage of one over the other is summarized in this key concept that guides the vote.
What is the expected party differential?
According to Margalit, this is why the 2008 crisis did not simply produce a uniform leftward turn, but instead also fueled radical-right and populist parties.
According to Margalit, this is why the 2008 crisis did not simply produce a uniform leftward turn, but instead also fueled radical-right and populist parties.
In Zarazaga’s study of Peronism in the Conurbano, local intermediaries who control access to goods and mobilize poor neighborhoods are known by this Spanish term.
What are punteros (brokers, mediators)?
Häusermann & Kitschelt (and co-authors) show that the decline of Social Democracy reflects a fragmentation of its classic base among these two broad groups of workers.
What are high-skill “insiders” and low-skill / vulnerable “outsiders”?
Freeden’s morphological approach and Malka & Federico’s identity-based account both help explain why parties that converge economically can still polarize sharply over issues like gender, sexuality, and immigration. This is because these issues function as core “nodes” on this newer structuring dimension of ideology.
What is the post-materialist or cultural–authoritarian vs liberal–universalist second dimension?
Fiorina’s version of retrospective economic voting can be seen as a cognitively cheaper variant of Downsian choice, because instead of forecasting full future platforms, voters apply this simple decision rule to incumbents.
What is “reward the incumbent if things have gone well and punish them if they have gone badly”?