Epidemiology Essentials
A disease occurs consistently at expected levels within a geographic area. What is this pattern called? Give an example.
What is endemic?
A nurse educates about infant health risks when the mother is a teenager. Name one physical health risk for the baby.
What is low birth weight?
Who was a major mental health reformer who worked to improve the treatment of individuals with mental illness.
Dorothea Dix
A community health nurse recognizes that institutional laws and policies provide advantages to certain racial groups. What is this called?
What is Structural racism?
A nurse practices culturally competent communication with transgender patients. What should the nurse ask about to demonstrate respect and inclusivity?
Preferred names and pronouns
An epidemiologist investigates a disease outbreak using the epidemiologic triangle. What are the three components?
What is Agent, host, environment?
A public health nurse identifies a population with limited healthcare access and high rates of mental illness. What vulnerable group is this?
What are Incarcerated individuals?
A nurse provides stress management workshops to promote mental wellness before problems occur. What level of prevention is this?
What is Primary prevention?
A nurse advocates for policymakers to address health disparities. What determines who is eligible for health insurance coverage?
What is Policy decisions?
A rural nurse identifies barriers preventing patients from attending appointments. Name one geographic barrier to healthcare access.
What is transportation?
A nurse measures the number of existing diabetes cases in a community at a specific time. What type of rate is this?
What is the prevalence rate?
A nurse works to improve birth outcomes for vulnerable women. What type of care includes client education, risk identification, and symptom monitoring?
What is Prenatal care?
Adverse childhood experiences increase risk for mental illness and chronic disease. What is the acronym?
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
The lifetime risk of acquiring HIV is highest for what demographic group?
Black MSM
What is the difference between natality, morbidity, and mortality?
Natality: Live Birth, Morbidity: Disease rate, Mortality: Death rate
According to research, 77% of these U.S. counties are designated as health professional shortage areas.
What are rural counties?
(Based on textbook data showing 77% of 2,050 rural counties are HPSAs)
Farm families with incomes below poverty level often don't qualify for this public insurance because they are two-parent households. What program is this?
Medicaid
What are factors that increase the risk of homelessness?
Depression, unemployment, alcohol, substance abuse disorder
Health disparities negatively affect groups with obstacles linked to discrimination. Name one characteristic.
What is Socioeconomic status?
What is the difference between a refugee, alien, and an immigrant?
Refugee - forced to leave howe for war (safety)
Alien - not a citizen
Immigrant - chooses to move for employment, educ, or family.
A nurse reviews past medical records to identify risk factors for a disease. What type of study design is this?
What is Retrospective research?
A nurse is caring for an older adult. She would need to report ______ if she observed unsanitary conditions without adequate food, and water.
What is neglect?
What other elder types of abuse are there?
What are the 4 reasons deinstitutionalization happened?
the move to community-based care (idealism), cost-saving (Economy), civil (patient) rights, & medication
A geographical designation where there is inadequate healthcare provider availability relative to population needs is.
What is Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA)?
___________ are preventable differences in health outcomes and access to care that exist among specific population groups due to social, economic, environmental, and systemic factors. Name 3.
What are Health disparities?
On average, low socioeconomic status (SES), rural, and specific racial and/or ethnic minority populations have higher rates of most chronic diseases, medical comorbidities, and other health problems relative to the overall population.