Phylogenetics
Body plans
Development
Porifera
Porifera Classifications
100
What do we call the branching tree that shows the pattern of evolutionarily derived characters among species or higher taxa?
Cladogram, or phylogenetic tree
100
What are the three types of body symmetry?
asmmetrical, radial, bilateral
100
What do you call a fertilized egg?
zygote
100
What is the word to describe the idea that any single cell from a sponge can development into a full sponge
totipotency
100
What is another name for Hexactinellida, and what is unique about their spicules?
Glass Sponges 6-pointed spicules
200
What is the difference between homology and homoplasy?
Homology - similarity in different organisms from common ancestor Homoplasy - Similarity that arised independently
200
The head region of a bilateral animal is called:
Anterior
200
What are the two germ layers present during gastrulation?
ectoderm and endoderm
200
Describe the two methods of porifera reproduction
asexual or sexual
200
What are the three classes of sponges?
Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida
300
Anthozoa are also known as what?
“Flower animals.” or sea anenomes
300
What do you call the regions on an organism farthest from its central line?
distal
300
What are the nine major phylums?
Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca Echinodermata, Chordata
300
What do you call the smaller and larger pores?
smaller - ostia large - oscula
300
Briefly describe each of the three different canal systems
Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid
400
What are three types of characters or evidence that can be used to create a cladogram?
Comparative morphology, comparative biochemistry (amino acids and nucleotides), and comparative cytology (varaiation in numbers shapes and sizes of chromosomes)
400
Opposite of back region
Ventral
400
Describe two characteristics of a deuterostome and a protostome
deuterostome - indeterminate, radial cleavage Protostome - determinate, spiral cleavage
400
If a sponge is put through a sieve and its cells are separated what can it do?
Reassemble itself
400
Explain how choanocytes work
flagellum pulls water through the collar and forces it out the top, particles too large to enter the collar become trapped in secreted mucus and slide down to the base where they are phagocytized by the cell body
500
What are three bits of information that can be drawn from a phylogentic tree?
-estimate ages of other branches on the tree --common descent --amount of adaptive evolutionary change --evolutionary history --homologies vs homoplasies
500
Radial symmetry occurs among which two phylums?
Cnidaria and echinodermata
500
Name two organ system derivatives of each of the three germ layers
Ectoderm - hair nails, skin, brain, mouth lining Mesdoerm - circulatory system, skeletal muscle, bone and cartilage Endoderm - liver pancreas, smooth muscle and connective tissue of digestive tract
500
What are five defining characteristics of sponges?
Multicellular, no true tissues, all aquatic, radial symmetry or none, choanocytes, made of collagen/spongin/spicules, No organs, all adults sessile, asexual or sexual reproduction
500
Describe class demospongiae
contain 95% of living sponge spieces, spicules or siliceous, all members are leuconoids and all are marine
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