Theories of Dev
The policy or practice of exerting control over a foreign government or people, generally with the intent of extracting resources or wealth, which many now-developing nations were subject to.
Colonialism
Measure of monetary value held by a country based on goods produced and sold.
An economic system characterized by private ownership, open trade, low-state interference and an emphasis on profit and production. Capitalism is this type of economic system.
Free-Market
Types of democratic systems, characterized respectively by
1. Regular, free and fair, elections with meaningful competition and near-universal suffrage.
2. heavily controlled elections which may face less-than fair proceedings, and limited suffrage.
3. Higher standard of democracy demanding fair and just policy outcomes alongside the qualities of "1."
1. Liberal Democracy
2. Illiberal Democracy
3. Substantive Democracy
The act of the military seizing control of the government and ousting the incumbent regime.
Coup or Coup D'etat
A theory of development characterized by adopting Western approaches to development such as free-market economics, democratic governance, industrialization, social egalitarianism.
Modernization Theory
Measure of income inequality within a country.
Gini Index
AN economic system characterized by state planning and the full consolidation of economic decision-making to the government. While oftentimes efficient and effective for equalizing economic distribution, this type of economy is often criticized for the ease with which it permits authoritarianism and civil repression.
Command Economy
A political period (1974-2000) during which many developing countries democratized their political systems. While seen as a major step forward, most countries saw some amount of democratic backsliding or falls into authoritarianism. Despite this, there is still hope and clear support for democratic governance across the globe.
Third-Wave of Democracy
Military development as a means of defending the domestic state from external threats vs military development for purposes of domestic control and action.
A theory of development characterized by skepticism towards the application of Western approaches for development. Looks towards legacies of colonialism and continued foreign intervention as barriers to development rather than internal flaws.
Dependency Theory
A measure focusing on health and achievement such as life expectancy, years of schooling, and gross national income
Human Development Index (HDI)
The post-WWII system of global economic institutions which provide, loans, development advice, and global trade regulations in the hopes of sparking and maintaining economic development and stability. Orgs borne from this system include the IMF, WTO, and World Bank
Bretton-Woods System
The process of becoming a democracy as well as making democratic norms stable and generally accepted by the populace.
Democratic Transition and Democratic Consolidation
Strategies for reducing the risk of coups through methods such as maintaining military interests, recruiting units with unique loyalties or shared cleavages with leaders, or performing purges and regular reshuffling of military personnel.
Coup-proofing
The foundation for viewing the world as "developed" and "underdeveloped," a major aspect of this work was a commitment to providing technical assistance to poorer countries.
Harry Truman's Four-Points Speech
The act of one country providing economic resources to a specific country or specific industry therein. Sometimes seen as a key pillar of globalized development and sometimes seen as imposing control on developing economies.
Foregin Direct Investment (FDI)
Two common approaches to industrializing development. The first reflecting a desire to rely less on goods from other countries by producing them domestically (emerging in 1930s Latin America), and the second driven by exportation and less reliance on domestic markets (emerged in the 1940s-70s especially in East Asia)
Import-Substitutions Industrialization (ISI)
and
Export Oriented Industrialization (EOI)
Countries that derive most or all of their economic survival from rents owed by other entities towards goods/resources controlled by the country (e.g. Middle Eastern states under the "Oil Curse" or African states with major reserves of rare-earth metals). Such reliance on strict economic control is seen a cause of maintained authoritarian governance in these states.
Rentier States
1. Military regimes characterized by adherence to a singular figure who often have little institutional authority or political experience and often consolidate power around this central figure or those close to them such as family members. Generally unconcerned with goals beyond the figure and their kin. High patronage politics.
2. Military regimes where despite often being dominated by a single figure, often involve councils or juntas of military officers to govern. Often concerned with ousting corruption and stimulating stable growth even if done through forceful repression.
3. Military regimes with extensive bureaucratic influence that often come to power after economic stagnation. Often right-wing and with goals of stamping out lower class or left-wing elements to re-stimulate economic growth.
4. Military regimes that seek to extend access to the political system rather than consolidate it around themselves following gov overthrows. Oftentimes, these regimes are headed by leftist forces with varying commitments to goals of anti-imperial nationalism, redistributive economic policies, and working-class/peasant mobilization.
1. Personalistic Regimes
2. Institutionalized Regimes
3. Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes
4. Revolutionary Regimes
The agency for a state to determine how it operates. Control over domestic social, economic, and political development.
Sovereignty
"Democratic" and "authoritarian," the former of which is generally seen as a sign of political development, are examples of this term for the type of governing structure in place in a given country.
Regime
A free-market economic approach heavily favored during the 60s and 70s which called for as little government involvement in the economy as possible, heavy deregulation of businesses; privatization of most if not all industries, and a call on national economies to specialize rather than diversify their economic production. While effective in creating initial boosts in developing economies that employed it, this system was found to produce major flaws of economic inequality and harms due to lax regulations, requiring governments to step back in to some degree.
Neoliberalism
1. To stabilize and direct growth and dev to usher in a more democratic regime later.
2. To resist the influence of other states (e.g. former colonial powers)
3. To avoid cleavages that might destabilize the state.
Justifications for Authoritarianism
A movie you saw that you really enjoyed
*insert movie here*