Political Values
Often used interchangeably with 'freedom’ this value describes one’s ability to act on their own free will.
A low-cost policy that allows people to make individual choices but is designed to encourage a “best” option
This ideology is most closely associated with the Democratic Party.
What is liberalism?
An economic system that allows for inequity.
What is capitalism?
This trade off method requires monetization of public values and asks analysists to consider what is gained and at what expense.
What is cost/benefit analysis?
Though there are multiple ways of defining this, it typically refers to each member of society having the same value.
What is equality?
This theory assumes that people are self-interested, can rank their preferences, and will pursue their preferences.
What is rational choice theory?
This describes your actual political attitudes & issue positions, as opposed to how you identify yourself.
What is operational ideology?
According to Lindblom, this is “a system of societywide coordination of human activities not by central command but by mutual interactions in the form of transactions.”
What is a market system?
This coping mechanism has the advantage of mitigating opposition to a value change by making the change slowly.
What is incrementalism?
From this, we form our values according to Ronald Inglehart who wrote that we, “place the greatest value on those things that are in relatively short supply.”
What is scarcity?
This is a powerful nudge theory policy that sets the “best choice” as the status quo but allows individuals to opt out.
What is defaulting?
Adherents to this ideology tend to prefer the government to stay out of economic matters but are happy with the government supporting traditional morality.
What is conservatism?
A theory of price setting that determines that prices are the result of how much consumers want an item and how much producers can produce at a particular price point.
What is supply & demand?
This method separates organizations, departments, or individuals and assigns them responsibility for a specific value. Each organization, department, or individual is concerned only with the value they are responsible for.
What is firewalling?
According to Michael Babula, this type of value is concerned with improving the conditions of another person.
What are exocentric values?
The most common type of this policy; seeks to steer individuals’ decisions toward a desired collective goal
What are type 2 nudges?
Adherents to this ideology prefer the government is limited in nearly every aspect of life.
What is libertarianism?
This operates as a signal that tells producers what is in demand and how much of a good they should produce.
What is price?
This mechanism has the disadvantage of officials being unable to balance values in daily work, despite being expected to put equal importance on all values.
What is hybridization?
This value can be predicted based on the importance one places on freedom of speech.
What is tolerance?
This describes how choices are limited by the information we have available.
What is bounded rationality?
The idea that attitudes are linked and interdependent, such that holding one belief should accompanied by another belief. Put another way, it is how ideology limits policy positions an ideological individual can take.
What is constraint?
According to the Friedmans’, this occurs when people are free to pursue their own interests without a central planner; prices & distribution of goods “just happens”
What is spontaneous order?
This method involves looking to the past and making decisions regarding current cases based on decisions made in previous similar cases.
What is casuistry?