Peasants' Revolt and State Churches
Martin Luther warned the German nobles that this group had legitimate grievances and urged the nobles to give up their tyranny and oppression.
Who are the peasants?
This court used torture and terror to extract confessions of heresy, virtually destroying Protestantism in Spain and Italy.
What is the Inquisition?
The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 in this land when Ferdinand II attempted to force Protestants back under Roman control.
What is Bohemia?
Signed in 1648, this major peace treaty officially ended the Thirty Years' War.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
The Swiss signed the Perpetual Covenant in 1291 and eventually adopted this official foreign policy following heavy battle losses in 1515.
What is national neutrality?
German peasants drew up this list of grievances appealing to scripture for fairer treatment and sent a copy to Martin Luther.
What are the Twelve Articles?
This Spanish soldier founded the Society of Jesus in 1540 after reading about the life of Christ while recovering from a broken leg.
Who is Ignatius Loyola?
This Lutheran King of Denmark entered the Thirty Years' War in 1625 to champion the Protestant cause.
Who is Christian IV?
In addition to Lutheranism and Romanism, this Protestant faith gained legal status in the Holy Roman Empire under the Peace of Westphalia.
What is Calvinism?
Julius Caesar named the region of modern-day France after this ancient Celtic territory.
What is Gallia, or Gaul?
Under this system, the official religion of a territory was determined by its local prince or ruler.
What are territorial, or state, churches?
Members of the Society of Jesus were known by this common name and served as the "spiritual arm" of the Counter-Reformation.
Who are the Jesuits?
Known as the "great Lutheran warrior-king" of Sweden, he landed in Germany in 1630 and turned the tide of the war for Protestants.
Who is Gustavus Aldolphus?
These two European nations were officially recognized as independent countries in the Peace of Westphalia.
What are Switzerland and Holland (the Netherlands)?
The coronation of this nobleman in 987 is marked by historians as the official birth of the French nation.
Signed in 1555, this treaty attempted to stabilize Germany by allowing rulers to choose between Lutheranism and Romanism.
What is the Peace of Augsburg?
This famous phrase became the hallmark of Jesuit philosophy, meaning any action was acceptable if it served the Roman church.
What is "The end justifies the means"?
The Thirty Years' War spanned these exact starting and ending years.
What are 1618 to 1648?
Following the Peace of Westphalia, France gained new territory along this major eastern river frontier.
What is the Rhine River?
In 1479, the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united through the marriage of these two rulers.
Who are Ferdinand and Isabella?
Before the Reformation, German peasants were held down by this medieval system, often forced to work without pay and denied freedom to hunt or fish.
What is feudalism?
The main objective of the Counter-Reformation was to prevent Protestants from making converts and force believers back into this institution.
What is the Roman Church?
Alarmed by the growing power of the Hapsburg family, this Catholic nation allied with Protestant forces late in the war.
What is France?
The Peace of Westphalia broke the power of the emperor and left Germany divided into a patchwork of independent territories for this long.
What is two centuries?
In 711, these Muslim invaders crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from North Africa and conquered the Goths in Spain.
Who are the Moors?
Prominent in European politics for nearly 900 years, this powerful ruling family governed Austria, held the crown of Holy Roman Emperor for almost 300 consecutive years, and adopted the ambitious motto A.E.I.O.U. ("Austria is destined to rule the world").
Who are the Hapsburgs?