Theoretical Framework
This 18th century prison model is used as a metaphor for how outdoor leaders engage in constant self surveillance even when no one is watching
What is the Panopticon
This is the primary reason the outdoor industry struggles to retain qualified staff, leading to high levels of knowledge and experience loss
What is attrition (and/or turnover)
This technology involves modifying work experiences to better reflect an individual's personality, life experiences, and personal preferences
What is personalization
This "critical mode of subjectification" described the expectation that leaders maintain high energy from the moment they step onto a campsite
What is being "always on"
This internal process often "snowballs" after an injury or incident, as leaders will interrogate their own actions and briefs
What is self-blame (and/or self-questioning)
Foucault defines this as the process through which individuals govern the "conduct of their own conduct" to align with normalized industry discourses
What is subjectification
Researchers Edwards and Gray first used this two-word phrase to describe the outdoor leader role due to its unrealistic physical and mental expectations
What is the "impossible job"
This concept assumes individuals take sole responsibility for the outcomes of their work, including successes and failures
What is responsibilisation
Arlie Hochschild coined this term to describe the interpersonal management of emotions required as a core component of employment
What is emotional labor
This phrase is used by staff to describe the normalization of concealing emotions to appear strong and capable
What is "hardening up"
This historical concept positions a leader as one who must willingly sacrifice themselves for the "salvation of the flock"
What is pastoral care?
This country served as the location for the qualitative case study involving seven YMCA camps
What is Australia
Personalization often results in the blurring or intertwining of these two normally separate spheres of life
What are the private and professional (and/or public) spheres
Leaders often feel they must do this regardless of fatigue or serious incidents, fearing they will otherwise be seen as "lazy" or "selfish"
What is "pushing on"
Because leaders often hide their exhaustion and frustration the true demands of the job are often rendered in this way to management
What is invisible
These specific exercises, such as responsibilities and personalization, are used by individuals to develop and transform themselves into a "certain mode of being"
What are technologies of self
Low pay in the industry is often justified by the assumption that outdoor leaders are simultaneously experiencing recreation while working
What is remuneration
Outdoor leaders are viewed as these types of "entrepreneurial subjects" who exercise choice through market rationalities
What are neoliberal subjects
This specific expectation reinforces the "always on" pressure because leaders feel participants are constantly observing and imitating them
What is role modeling
Participants in the study within the reading, found value in using these collaborative and so called "ironic" strategies, (typically reserved for campers) to solve their own workplace issues
What are play, exploratory discussions, and debriefing techniques
Because it no longer relies on an external figure, Foucault argues this form of monitoring is characterized by its incessant and always present nature
What is self-surveillance
Beyond physical tasks, outdoor leaders are expected to act as parents, therapists, and "pastors" to manage these types of participant needs
What are pastoral care (and/or mental health/emotional) needs
According to Rensfeldt in this week's reading, personalization is "questionable" because it can place individuals in this kind of position regarding workload and availability
What is a vulnerable position
The authors of this week's reading are
The study concludes that solutions to staff retention lie not just in HR strategies, but in changing these dominant industry beliefs
What are cultural discourses (and/or expectation discourses)