Democracy, Representation, & Governance
This kind of representation means that people in office share similar experiences and identities as those that they represent.
What is Descriptive Representation?
This group of citizens often have much lower rates of voter turnout
Who are Young People?
This kind of person benefits from a public good without contributing to its cost.
What is a Free Rider?
This former First Lady starter the "Let's Move!" campaign to fight against child obesity.
Who is Michelle Obama?
At the end of the day, a politicians number one goal is this.
What is Re-election?
This kind of representation means that people in office advance policies that adequately represent or advance the interests of those they represent.
What is Substantive Representation?
This model, written as R=P*B-C, says that when voting is costly, people only think about how much they care who wins and what probability their vote will contribute to the outcome.
What is the Rational Choice Model?
Requiring a person to join a union and pay dues is an example of this kind of solution to the collective action problem
What is Coercion?
If a policy provides tax breaks for a specific industry, the policy is providing these kinds of benefits.
What are Concentrated Benefits?
Because senior citizens have a lot of time on their hands and care a lot about public policy, we usually consider them to be this kind of public.
What are Attentive Publics?
This theory is the idea that the government reflects the will of the people, and if the government isn’t functioning well then people will elect new representatives.
What is the Folk Theory of Democracy?
This phrase refers to people who follow the news, the latest developments on social media, and consume political information, but are not very involved in politics on the ground.
What is Political Hobbyism?
Another solution to the collective action problem is to increase this–a person's belief that their participation will result in a specific positive outcome.
What is a Perceived Benefit?
A $3 tax increase on all California residents would be considered this kind of cost.
What are Distributed Costs?
Politicians often use this tactic in budgeting to get particularized benefits for their constituents.
What is Earmarking?
A district is this if less than 50% of the population is made up the dominant race or ethnicity group.
What is majority-minority
For a rational and egoistic voter, the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits. This conflict is referred to as this.
What is the Paradox of Voting?
Many people donate to NPR in order to get a cool tote bag, which is an example of this solution to the collective action problem.
What are Selective Incentives?
In interest group politics, the benefits and costs of policies are both this.
What is Concentrated.
A certain voted is pro-choice, but votes for a candidate who wants to outlaw abortion because she likes their stance on immigration, which is more important to her. This voter represents the difference between these two concepts.
What are Preferences vs. Intensity?
When deciding policy, politicians often have make decisions about choosing equity vs. efficiency or short term vs. long term effects. Such decisions are known as these.
What are Tradeoffs?
This Supreme Court Case, decided in 2013, essentially gutted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by removing the "preclearance" provision.
What is Shelby County V. Holder
These kinds of people know that there will be free riders for a cause they care about, but decide to take on the cost of organizing and communicating anyway.
Who are Political Entrepreneurs or Patrons?
This kind of politicking promotes policies with concentrated costs and distributed benefits.
What are Entrepreneurial Politics?
In order to get re-elected, Politicians engage in 3 primary activities: Advertising, Position Taking, and this.
What is Credit Claiming?