Routes of Disease Transmission
The three routes of transimition?
- Respiratory: Cough, sneeze
- Fecal-oral: Feces contaminate food, environment, or hands
- Vector-borne: Transmitted by insects
A Pro and Con of Alcohol-based Hand Rubs
Effective if hands not visibly soiled
More costly than soap & water method
Assume infectious agent could be present in the patient’s?
Blood
Body fluids, secretions, excretions
Non-intact skin
Mucous membranes
Sequence for Donning PPE?
Hand hygiene
Gown
N95 Particulate respirator
Hair cover
Goggles, Safety glasses or face shield
Gloves
What does Decontamination mean?
The removal of harmful substances such as chemicals, harmful bacteria, or other organisms, from exposed individuals, rooms, and furnishings in buildings or in the outside environment.
Example of direct contact?
Host comes into contact with reservoir
Kissing, skin-to-skin contact
Contact with soil or vegetation
Why use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
When used properly PPE can protect you from exposure to infectious agents
When to wear each of the following?
- Gloves
- Gowns
- Eye protection / Mask
Gloves: Touching Respiratory secretions/Contaminated items or surfaces/Blood & body fluids
Gowns: Soiling clothes with patient body fluids, secretions, or excretions
Eye protection / Mask: Procedures are likely to generate splashes / sprays of blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions
Requirments for gowns
Select appropriate type and size
Opening may be in back or front
Secure at neck and waist
If too small, use two gowns
Gown #1 ties in front
Gown #2 ties in back
What does Disease transmission mean?
The process of the spread of a disease agent through a population.
Examples of indirect contact?
Disease is carried from reservoir to host
Contaminated surfaces (fomites)
Rules for using gloves?
Work from clean to dirty
Avoid “touch contamination”
Eyes, mouth, nose, surfaces
Change gloves between patients
Examples of Contact Precautions
Limit patient movement
Isolate or cohort patients
Gown + gloves for patient / room contact
Remove immediately after contact
Do not touch eyes, nose, mouth with hands
Avoid contaminating environmental surfaces
How to put on Surgical Mask?
Place over nose, mouth and chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
Secure on head with ties or elastic
Adjust to fit
What does Infection control mean?
Measures practiced by health care personnel in health care facilities to prevent the spread of infectious agents.
Droplets are transmitted via?
Coughing, sneezing, talking
Medical procedures
Discription of gowns>
Fully cover torso
Have long sleeves
Fit snuggly at the wrist
Uses and description of...
- Detergents
- Disinfectants
Detergents: Remove dirt, soiling / Mechanical force essential / Flush with clean water
Disinfectants:
Kill viruses, bacteria
Decontaminate surfaces
Type depends on infectious agent
Kill viruses, bacteria
Decontaminate surfaces
Type depends on infectious agent
How to put on N95 Particulate Respirator?
Pay attention to size (S, M, L)
Place over nose, mouth and chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
Secure on head with elastic
Adjust to fit and check for fit:
Inhale – respirator should collapse
Exhale – check for leakage around face
What is Personal protective equipment?
Specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protect from a hazard.
Very small particles of evaporated
droplets or dust with infectious agent
may?
Remain in air for a long time
Travel farther than droplets
Become aerosolized during procedures
Types of Masks and Respirators?
Surgical masks
Particulate respirators
Precations for Aerosol-generating Procedures?
N95 particulate respirator
Eye protection
Gloves and hand washing
Gown and waterproof apron
Isolation room with negative pressure, if available
Hair cover (optional)
How to put on Eye and Face Protection?
Position goggles over eyes and secure to the head using the ear pieces or headband
Position face shield over face and secure on brow with headband
Adjust to fit comfortably
Three types of Particulate Respirators?
Disposable, reusable, powered air purifying respirators.