Koch's Postulates
T/F: Koch's postulates are relevant to contemporary diseases.
False
A type of study that compares persons who have a disease to those who are free from the disease
Case-control study
Criteria for causality in which the same results will happen if a study is repeated at a different time
Consistency upon repetition
Before the precursors of disease react with a host
Prepathogenesis
A population that adds no new members and, as a result, decreases in size
Fixed population
According to Koch, how many agents are there for 1 disease?
One agent
A study design in which a group is followed over a period of time for development of disease.
Cohort study
Criteria for causality in which exposure precedes outcome
Time sequence/Temporality
Type of prevention that occurs during the pathogenesis phase
Secondary Prevention
Demographic Transition
What has to be present in every case of the disease?
The agent
What are the two main types of observational studies for researching disease etiology?
Case-control and cohort
Criteria for causality in which the cause leads to a single outcome, not multiple.
Specificity
Prevention that occurs during the late pathogenesis phase
Tertiary Prevention
Refers to the course of a disease from its beginning to its final clinical end points
The natural history of disease
T/F: The Henle-Koch postulates were instrumental in efforts to probe the causative involvement of a microorganism in an infectious disease.
True
Light smokers vs. heavy smokers would be an example of which criteria for risk factors?
The frequency of disease varies by category
Criteria for causation in which the cause and effect does not conflict with what is already known of the disease.
Coherence of explanation
Vaccinations and wearing protective devices are an example of which type of prevention?
Active Primary Prevention
Concerned with minimizing health hazards in general
Primordial Prevention
Who is credited in the breakthrough of a specific agent for a disease
Koch
What are the 3 criteria for risk factors?
1. the frequency of disease varies by category
2. the risk factor precedes onset of disease
3. the observation must not be due to error
What 4 criteria did Hill add to the list of criteria for causality?
1. biologic gradient
2. Plausibility
3. Experiment
4. Analogy
Vitamin fortification of milk is an example of which type of prevention?
Primary passive prevention
Prevention that does not require any behavior change
Passive Primary Prevention