DNA Structure
What is the shape of DNA?
DNA has a double helix shape.
What is a Punnett square used for?
A Punnett square is used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring.
What is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence.
What is the purpose of meiosis?
The purpose of meiosis is to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
What is a genotype?
A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, including its alleles.
What are the building blocks of DNA?
The building blocks of DNA are nucleotides.
What do the letters inside a Punnett square represent?
The letters represent alleles for a particular gene.
What are the main types of mutations?
The main types are point mutations, insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations.
How many divisions occur in meiosis?
Meiosis involves two divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II.
What is a phenotype?
A phenotype is the observable traits or characteristics of an organism.
Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA?
Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine.
What is the genotype ratio for a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa)?
The genotype ratio is 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa.
How can mutations be beneficial?
Beneficial mutations can lead to new traits that improve an organism's survival or reproduction.
What is crossing over, and when does it occur?
Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant alleles express their traits when present, while recessive alleles only express their traits when both alleles are recessive.
What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together?
Hydrogen bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together.
What is the phenotype ratio for the same cross (Aa x Aa)?
The phenotype ratio is 3 dominant : 1 recessive.
What causes mutations?
Mutations can be caused by environmental factors (like radiation), errors during DNA replication, or inherited from parents.
How does meiosis contribute to genetic diversity?
Meiosis contributes to genetic diversity through crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes.
What is the law of independent assortment?
The law of independent assortment states that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.
What is the function of DNA?
DNA stores genetic information and instructions for protein synthesis.
How do you determine the probability of an offspring inheriting a particular trait?
By analyzing the possible combinations of alleles in the Punnett square.
What is a silent mutation?
A silent mutation changes the DNA sequence without affecting the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?
Four genetically unique haploid daughter cells are produced.
How does codominance differ from incomplete dominance?
In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype. In incomplete dominance, the phenotype is a blend of the two alleles.