cases
An SLP works with a 4-year-old patient diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The patient is nonverbal, does not have a functional communication system, and does not follow simple directions. Which of the following communicative target goals is most appropriate for the SLP to prioritize for the patient?
A.Matching identical pictures in an array of pictures
B.Requesting wants in any modality
C.Labeling of common items verbally
D.Imitating a sequence of two actions
B. requesting wants in any modality
Which of the following procedures is most important for an SLP to consider when assessing the social aspect of a school-age child's communication skills?
A.Collecting a language sample to assess narrative skills
B.Assessing expressive vocabulary used by the child on a picture vocabulary test
C.Observing the child interacting with peers in natural settings, such as during recess
D.Looking for a discrepancy between the child's IQI Q and communication skills to determine eligibility
Option (C) is correct. Informal observation of a student in a natural setting is part of a comprehensive assessment. A determination of eligibility for SLP services in a school must be made from more than one source and should include authentic assessment in an informal setting.
Christel and Sharon are 14-month-old fraternal twins. Christel has more intelligible words than her sister, although she talks far less frequently. Sharon speaks almost exclusively in running jargon that nobody understands. Their parents are worried about Sharon's development because her language skills appear to be behind those of her sister. Which of the following is an SLP''s best response to the parents' concern?
A.At Sharon's age, jargon is normal and may even continue for another three to four months.
B.Christel's language development is more abnormal because she should be beyond single words.
C.Both girls were exposed to the same language environments, so the relative lack of intelligible words indicates a language delay.
D.Jargon should not persist past the age of 12 months and thus Sharon may be presenting a language disorder.
Option (A) is correct. Jargon typically continues until around 18 months of age.
Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with a short lingual frenulum, heart-shaped tongue tip, and a failure to elevate the tongue tip beyond the mandibular incisors, as revealed during oral-facial examination?
A.Bulbar palsy
B.Ankyloglossia
C.Glossoptosis
D.Congenital lip pits
Option (B) is correct. Limited tongue mobility, heart-shaped tongue tip and a failure to elevate the tongue tip beyond the mandibular incisors are all characteristics of ankyloglossia (tongue-tied/short lingual frenulum).
A school district does not use a standard therapy log for SLP services. An SLP who works for the district develops a form to document therapy services provided. Which THREE of the following are key to include on the form to document the provision of speech and language IEP services?
A.The date a student's IEP was established
B.Student performance during the therapy session
C.Names of other students in the group
D.Types of services provided within a therapy session
E.Signature from the SLP verifying delivery of services
Options (B), (D), and (E) are correct. Information on student performance is important data and helps to track progress, listing the types of services indicates what was provided, and the SLP's signature documents who provided the service.
During a speech-language evaluation at a preschool, a child has difficulty with receptive language tasks and responds with only one-word utterances to expressive language items. The child's eye contact is poor throughout the session. When observed with the other children in class, the child does not engage with peers but prefers self-stimulating behaviors such as flapping arms and throwing papers up in the air. According to the child's teacher, these are typical behaviors for the child. Given the data obtained, which of the following steps is most appropriate for the SLP to take next?
A.Engaging in an interprofessional practice (IPP) to determine the appropriate diagnosis of ASD
B.Conducting the full evaluation when the child is more cooperative so that accurate recommendations can be made
C.Initiating expressive language therapy to focus on expanding conversational utterances
D.Training the teacher to deliver language stimulation tasks because the child does not respond well to the SLP
Option (A) is correct. Although it is in the SLP's scope of practice to diagnose ASD, it is stated that best practice suggests a team approach when making this determination.
An evaluation is performed on a 5 year old with frequent hoarseness. Which of the following measures is primarily included in the endoscopic examination?
A.Amplitude perturbation
B.Laryngeal visualization
C.Laryngeal airway resistance
D.Perceptual judgment
Option (B) is correct. Observing the larynx is part of an endoscopic examination
A child has been demonstrating significant progress in producing the targeted responses in the therapy room; however, observation in the classroom indicates little mastery of the targeted responses. Which of the following would be the most appropriate revision to the treatment plan?
A.Delivering treatment in the classroom
B.Increasing the frequency of treatment in the therapy room
C.Increasing the duration of treatment in the therapy room
D.Changing the IEP goals
Option (A) is correct. The child's treatment plan should now focus on generalizing the production of the targeted responses outside of the therapy room. Generalization of the targeted response must be systematic with implementation of classroom-based intervention; this revision to the therapy plan represents an integration of therapy services.
According to research, which of the following structural factors has the most adverse effect on articulation?
A.Short labial frenulum
B.Micrognathia
C.Unilateral facial palsy
D.Class III malocclusion
Option (D) is correct. Class III malocclusion is known to cause obligatory distortions of sibilants and affricates due to placement of the tongue relative to the maxilla.
Which of the following activities is an example of a metalinguistic strategy used to assist a student with language difficulties?
A.Providing a definition of a word
B.Placing story elements in sequential order
C.Editing the writing of same-aged peers
D.Discussing similarities and differences between two pictures
Option (C) is correct. Editing the writing of a same-age peer is an example of a metalinguistic activity because it involves the awareness, analysis, and control of language form, content, and use.
The parents of an 8-year-old boy who stutters are upset because their child was placed in the lowest reading group at school because of his poor performance on an oral reading fluency assessment in the classroom. The parents are very sure that their child is reading at an average to above-average level compared to his classmates. The S L P's informal observations of the boy's reading performance during fluency therapy sessions are consistent with the parents' report. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the SLP to advocate for the boy?
A.Offer to conduct a reading assessment with the boy and report the score to the boy's teacher.
B.Recommend that the teacher reassess the child's reading level with an assessment that uses silent reading.
C.Wait until the child's speech improves in therapy, and then ask the child's teacher to readminister the oral reading assessment.
D.Encourage the child to continue practicing oral reading to demonstrate to his teacher that individuals who stutter can read as well as other people.
Option (B) is correct. The boy's stuttering is affecting his fluency during oral reading, so an assessment of his silent reading fluency will provide more valid results.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSMD) criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and social communication disorder (SCD), which of the following characteristics best helps an SLP provide a differential diagnosis for ASD instead of SCD?
A.Deficits in communication appropriate for a social context
B.Deficits that result in functional limitations in social participation
C.Difficulty following rules for storytelling
D.Repetitive and restrictive patterns of behavior
Option (D) is correct. Restricted and repetitive behaviors are indicative of ASD and set ASD apart from SCD
During the course of treatment, as a child manipulates various toys in symbolic play, the clinician vocalizes the child's actions (for example, "You're putting the pan on the stove."). The intervention technique used by the clinician is identified as
A.the mand model
B.reauditorization
C.self-talk
D.parallel talk
Option (D) is correct. Parallel talk is a technique a clinician uses when talking aloud about what the child is seeing, hearing, or doing.
Option (C) is correct. An adolescent with language disorders would best show academic progress through performance on classroom assessments.
Which of the following approaches most accurately helps an SLP know if a treatment plan for an adolescent with language disorders is having an impact on academic learning?
A. Reviewing the results of state standards-based assessments
B. Administering the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)
C. Analyzing performance on classroom-based assessments
D. Using the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-5) assessment
Option (C) is correct. An adolescent with language disorders would best show academic progress through performance on classroom assessments.
A child with developmental apraxia of speech is not making progress in a school setting. The parents wish to schedule additional therapy. An SLP in a local clinic evaluates and determines that a more individualized treatment plan is warranted. Which of the following actions is most appropriate for the SLP at the local clinic to take to ensure the child receives necessary treatment?
A.Recommending the parents stop school treatment given the lack of progress
B.Contacting the child's school SLP to coordinate treatment plans
C.Encouraging private SLP treatment using a smaller group setting
D.Suggesting additional treatment at the local SLP clinic using the same tasks used by the school SLP
Option (B) is correct. Coordinating with the school's SLP potentially allows the patient the most practice of the same tasks.
A school-age patient being assessed for a language disorder listens to a short passage and is asked "wh" questions based on the passage. The SLP reviews the patient's responses, records any errors, and then teaches the patient strategies to answer "who" and "what" questions. The SLP makes careful notes about how much assistance the client requires to achieve a correct response. After several sessions, the SLP reassesses the patient's responses to "whw h" questions. Which of the following types of assessment is primarily exemplified in the scenario?
A.Standardized assessment
B.Criterion-referenced assessment
C.Dynamic assessment
D.Curriculum-based assessment
Option (C) is correct. Dynamic assessment employs a test-teach-retest procedure; it is not a static assessment in which the client has only one chance to select the correct answer.
A speech language pathologist evaluated Sophia Allen, a 6-year-old girl. The SLP completed a case history with Sophia's mother and conducted a comprehensive speech and language assessment.
During the case study the SLP learned that Sophia has had a normal developmental history and is currently healthy with no known neurological deficits.
Sophia's mother first became concerned when Sophia could not describe her school day. Sophia's sentences lacked detail or were composed of very basic words and consisted of simple sentence structures. Sophia's first-grade teacher reported that her speech sounds immature compared to that of her classmates and that she frequently does not follow directions.
During the assessment Sophia passed the oral mechanism examination and hearing screening. Sophia received a standard score of 99, placing her in the 47thforty seventh percentile on a commonly used receptive vocabulary test.
To obtain the most valuable information related to Sophia's future reading skills, the SLP should assess which of the following?
A.Receptive vocabulary
B.Morphological awareness
C.Articulation skills
D.Comprehension of one-step directions
Option (B) is correct. Researchers have documented that morphological awareness skills significantly contribute to literacy development and are positively related to successful vocabulary, sight-word reading, decoding, reading comprehension, and spelling abilities.
Which of the following statements best reflects the role of stimulability in generating a prognosis for remediation of gliding in a 9-year-old child?
A. A child who is not stimulable for /r/r, as in the word run will require treatment for the sound to be acquired.
B. Even if the child is not stimulable for /r/r, as in the word run, the sound will still develop without treatment.
C. If the child is stimulable for /l/l, as in the word last, the SLP can expect the /r/r, as in the word run to improve at the same rate.
D. Stimulability does not play a role in determining a prognosis for remediation of speech sound disorders.
Option (A) is correct. Nonstimulable sounds do not typically develop without intervention or treatment. The child's prognosis for acquisition is poor without treatment.
When an SLP assesses the communication skills of a bilingual child, it is important for the SLP to evaluate both languages primarily to
A.establish a baseline of skills in order to track changes
B.determine which language to treat
C.establish rapport with the child
D.diagnose a communication disorder
Option (D) is correct. Diagnosis is required prior to initiating therapy, and a diagnosis of a communication disorder cannot be established without evaluating skills in both languages.
Elisions and transpositions are referred to as phoneme
A.additions
B.blending
C.deletions
D.manipulations
Option (D) is correct. Phoneme manipulations change or modify the individual sounds in words. Elisions are the omissions of sounds in spoken words, and transpositions occur when the order of sounds in a word is switched.
A mother reports that her three-year-old son's speech seems normal at school, but at home his speech is either loud or fast, or he stops talking altogether. The mother further reports that she, her husband, and their two older children speak quickly and interrupt each other frequently. She is concerned that her son is not developing the speech and language skills to keep up. Which of the following statements is most accurate with respect to the mother's concern?
A.Based on the child's age, speech is typically intermittent and thus he is very likely developing language skills normally.
B.The child's speech neuromotor system can keep up with the language systems of children his own age but not with the more advanced systems in his household.
C.The child's situational lack of language is more consistent with a cognitive delay than a speech or language deficit.
D.The child is employing compensatory speech production techniques at school but not at home.
Option (B) is correct. Young children, particularly those with frequent disfluency, often have difficulty competing with more advanced speech systems.
Which of the following methods will best measure Sophia's progress on her language goals and objectives?
A.Completing a language sample analysis
B.Administering a standardized receptive and expressive language battery
C.Administering a vocabulary assessment tool
D.Administering a reading test
Option (A) is correct. Language sample analysis is an appropriate measure to assess progress toward meeting intervention goals and objectives because it is a naturalistic approach to measurement, whereas standardized measures and the scores derived from them are invalid for treatment progress monitoring purposes.
To best apply the multiple oppositions method for phonological errors when treating a child, an SLP should use pairs of words such as
A. "son" and "ton," "fun" and "pun," and "zoo" and "do" to help discriminate stops from fricatives
B. "torn" and "sore," "soup" and "two," and "fast" and "pat" to help produce final consonants
C. "doe" and "go," "doe" and "though," and "doe and Joe" to address using /d/d, as in the word dog for various sounds
D. "key" and "tea," "cone" and "tone," and "cap" and "tap" to address the use of velar fronting
Option (C) is correct. In multiple oppositions treatment, targets are selected that will address all phonemes affected by a phoneme collapse, not just the target phoneme and the phoneme produced in substitution.
A 9-year-old child is one year post tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and presents with moderate hypernasality and consistent nasal emission. The child was referred for assessment, and velopharyngeal incompetency was identified.
Which of the following would be the next appropriate step for the SLP to take?
A.Continue to monitor resonance as the child still may spontaneously improve
B.Discuss surgical management options with the craniofacial team
C.Initiate therapy to discriminate between hypernasal speech and oral speech
D.Slow down rate of speech to help velopharyngeal closure
Option (B) is correct. Nasopharyngoscopy will be conducted to visualize the velopharyngeal mechanism and provide information for possible surgical management.
Which of the following groups of phonemes can best be described as the Six-Sound Test by Ling?
A. /u/u, as in the word ooze, /e/e, as in the word way, /o/o, as in the word own, /a/a, as in the word path, /æ/latin small letter a e, as in the word hat, /ə/latin small letter schwa, as in the word again
B. /f/, /s/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /z/, /h/f, as in the word fast, s, as in the word sit, greek small letter theta, as in the word thumb, latin small letter esh, as in the word she, z, as in the word zebra, h, as in the word hot
C. /m/, /a/, /u/, /i/, /s/, /ʃ /m, as in the word mat, a, as in the word path, u, as in the word ooze, i, as in the word he, s, as in the word sit, latin small letter esh, as in the word she
D. /d/, /g/, /e/, /o/, /s/, /ʃ/
Option (C) is correct. The six phonemes that are part of Ling's Six-Sound Test are /m/, /a/, /u/, /i/, /s/, /ʃ /m, as in the word mat, a, as in the word path, u, as in the word ooze, i, as in the word he, s, as in the word sit, latin small letter esh, as in the word she.