Pre-AP Unit 2 Learning Checkpoint review Jeopardy Template

Unit 2 Part 1

Unit 2 Part 2

Unit 2 Part 3

Unit 2 Part 4

Unit 2 Part 5

Qing or Russia (Bonus Round)

100

Read the passage and answer the questions below

Book on Islamic empires in the Early Modern Period written by Douglas E. Streusand, a military historian, and published in 2018.

To a world historian, [the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires] were among the most powerful and influential [states] in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. . . . They dominated much of the environment that Europeans encountered in their first era of exploration and expansion. . . . [T]he empires offer an example of the evolution of new political doctrines, institutions, and practices in response to continuing challenges. . . . They were among the first to use firearms effectively.

No Muslim dynasty since the Abbasids had such legitimacy from such diverse populations. The Ottomans and Mughals succeeded in winning legitimacy from populations with non-Muslim majorities. [The Safavids] won . . . recognition from the Ottomans and Mughals as equals as well as lasting legitimacy in their own territory.

Three-part Answer.
1. According to the source, what specific technology were these empires able to use effectively?
2. What did it help them accomplish?
3. Which people/groups did it lead to the decline of and where?

1. Firearms

2. It helped them expand their land empires

3. The decline of nomadic states in Central Asia

100

Both images provide evidence that supports which conclusion about the Early Modern Period?

A. Horses and metal technologies gave Europeans military advantages over the peoples of the Americas.

B. Diseases from Afro-Eurasia caused significant declines in indigenous populations in the Americas.

C. Catholic priests often attempted to convert indigenous populations to Christianity.

D. Europeans relied on new navigation technologies to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

Answer A

This is the best answer. Both images show Europeans possessing horses and metal armor and metal weapons, which were technological advantages that indigenous people did not have.

100

The gifts presented to Cortés in Image 1 are best understood in the context of the

A. Protestant Reformation.

B. Atlantic trade in enslaved persons.

C. Columbian Exchange.

D. growth of joint-stock companies.

Answer: C

This is the best answer. The image shows animals and items from the Americas being given to Cortés, a European, and thereby shows an exchange of goods from one continent to another.

100

_{Image 2: Las Castas, portion of a Casta painting that was widely circulated within the Spanish Empire, c. 1750}
Translations from left to right: Spaniard with Indian equals Mestizo; Mestizo with Spaniard equals Castizo; Castizo with Spaniard equals Spaniard, Spaniard with African equals Mulatto.

What is the main purpose of Image 2 ?

A: To define social hierarchies classified by race

B: To criticize the effect of Spanish culture on colonial clothing

C. To promote the economic advances of the Spanish Empire

D. To compare Spanish and Indian parenting practices

Answer A

This is the best answer. By defining and ranking varying combinations of parentage, Europeans could then categorize people by their percentage of European ancestry.

100

_{Letter to Nicolaus Copernicus written by Nicholas Schönberg, cardinal of Capua, 1536.}
Some years ago, I learned about your reputation and knowledge. For I had learned that you had not merely mastered the discoveries of the ancient astronomers uncommonly well but had also formulated a new cosmology. In it, you maintain that the earth moves; that the sun occupies the lowest, and thus the central, place in the universe; and that, together with the moon, the earth revolves around the sun in the period of a year. I have also learned that you have written an exposition of this whole system of astronomy and have computed the planetary motions and set them down in tables, to the greatest admiration of all.

Most learned sir, I ask you with utmost earnestness to communicate this discovery of yours to scholars unless it is an inconvenience. At the earliest possible moment, please send me your writings on the sphere of the universe together with the tables and whatever else you have that is relevant to this subject. If you answer my request, you will see that you are dealing with a man who is excited and eager to do justice to so fine a talent. Farewell.

Which choice best describes the author’s attitude toward Copernicus?

A. He feels respect for Copernicus because of the significance of his research.
B. He is concerned that Copernicus is becoming too influential.
C. He feels guilty for not supporting Copernicus’ work sooner.
D. He is angry with Copernicus for sharing ideas not supported by the Catholic Church.

This is the best answer. The author addresses Copernicus with respect and expresses great interest in viewing his work because of his discovery of a “new cosmology,” which has been received “to the greatest admiration of all.” In the last paragraph, the author asks “with utmost earnestness” for Copernicus to share his “writings on the sphere of the universe.” In the last sentence of the passage, the author further states he is “excited and eager to do justice to so fine a talent.”

100

The Leader of this country is known as a Tsar

What is Russia?

200

Choose the answer that best describes the differences between Image 1 and Image 2.

A. Image 1 shows a military conflict, while Image 2 shows a commercial interaction near a port city.
B. Image 1 shows an encounter between Europeans and indigenous Americans, while Image 2 shows only Europeans.
C. Image 2 shows Europeans conquering American states, while Image 1 shows intermarriage between Europeans and indigenous Americans.
D. Image 2 shows technological exchange between Europeans and indigenous Americans, while Image 1 shows ethnic conflict.

Image 1: Painting by the Native Nahua Showing the Ruler of Tlaxcala (a pre-Columbian State in Central Mexico) Presenting Gifts of Sweet Corn (Maize), Birds, and Other Vegetables to the Spanish Explorer and General Hernán Cortés, c. 1550

Collection(c) Archives Charmet / Bridgeman Images

Image 2: Christopher Columbus, Shown on Horseback Carrying Cartographic Tools, From the Illustrated Codex “History of Tlaxcala” Produced by Diego Muñoz Camargo, c. 1585

Diego Muñoz Camargo was of mixed Spanish-Native American descent.

Glasgow University Library, Scotland(c) University of Glasgow Library / Bridgeman Images

B. Image 1 shows an encounter between Europeans and indigenous Americans, while Image 2 shows only Europeans.

200

Graph Illustrating Silver and Gold Production in the Americas, as Measured in Silver-Equivalent Metric Tons, c. 1500–1750
The graph shows that both gold and silver production 1__________ during the 2__________.

A. 1. stayed the same; 2. 1750s
B. 1. increased most rapidly; 2. early 1700s
C. 1. decreased most rapidly; 2. early 1600s
D. 1. plummeted; 2. 1700-1750s

B. 1. increased most rapidly; 2. early 1700s

200

5. Graph Illustrating Silver and Gold Production in the Americas, as Measured in Silver-Equivalent Metric Tons, c. 1500–1750
The trend shown in the graph contributed most directly to which change in the Early Modern Period?

A. The establishment of the Ming Dynasty

B. The emergence of religious civil wars in Europe

C. The decentralization of taxation systems

D. The development of a truly global economy

Answer D

This is the best answer. The mining and exporting of silver and gold from the Americas in the Early Modern Period contributed directly to the increased trade in goods globally. European merchants and states used the precious metals from the Americas to purchase trade goods in China and India.

200

Image 1: Pieter Cnoll, Cornelia van Nijenrode, and their Daughters, portrait painted by Dutch artist Jacob Coeman, 1665

The painting shows the Cnoll family (the four individuals on the left), a Dutch family, in Batavia. Batavia was a city on the island of Java in Dutch-controlled Indonesia. The two individuals in the background to the right were servants, and Cornelia was of Dutch and Japanese ancestry.

Everett Collection Inc / Alamy Stock Photo

Image 2: Las Castas, portion of a Casta painting that was widely circulated within the Spanish Empire, c. 1750

Translations from left to right: Spaniard with Indian equals Mestizo; Mestizo with Spaniard equals Castizo; Castizo with Spaniard equals Spaniard, Spaniard with African equals Mulatto.

Which changes over time in the Early Modern Period are represented in both paintings?

A. The movement and intermixing of peoples from different parts of the world

B. The increasing popularity of Greco-Roman customs and clothing

C. The introduction and use of coercive labor systems in the Americas by Europeans

D. The declining role of European states in influencing daily life in the Atlantic and Pacific regions

Answer A

This is the best answer. The paintings depict the intermarriage of people with European, African, Asian, and Amerindian heritages.

200

Some years ago, I learned about your reputation and knowledge. For I had learned that you had not merely mastered the discoveries of the ancient astronomers uncommonly well but had also formulated a new cosmology. In it, you maintain that the earth moves; that the sun occupies the lowest, and thus the central, place in the universe; and that, together with the moon, the earth revolves around the sun in the period of a year. I have also learned that you have written an exposition of this whole system of astronomy and have computed the planetary motions and set them down in tables, to the greatest admiration of all.

The first paragraph suggests that scientific discoveries during the Scientific Revolution were influenced by

A. new economic theories regarding finance and currency.
B. the ideals of the Protestant Reformation.
C. engagement with Greek, Roman, and Islamic scholarship.
D. the spread of literature from India and East Asia.

Answer C

This is the best answer. Scientific discoveries during the Scientific Revolution often came from European engagement with Islamic scholarship on ancient and classical Greek and Roman sources as well as those from the Postclassical Period. The passage shows this development in the second sentence, when the author states that Copernicus had formed a “new cosmology” based on his mastery of “ancient astronomers.”

200

Prioritized both imperial expansion and stability over innovation.

What is Qing China?

300

Which choice best describes a change in the global economy during the Early Modern Period?

A. Artisan handcrafted goods were largely replaced by factory manufactured goods.

B. Total economic production in Africa surpassed total economic production in Asia.

C. Muslim empires refused to trade with non-Muslim European merchants.

D.Maritime trade became more important to global trade.

Answer D

This is the best answer. Maritime trade grew significantly during the Early Modern Period. Although land-based trade remained important, maritime trade increasingly became the largest source of global trade.

300

The gifts presented to Cortés in Image 1 are best understood in the context of the

A. Protestant Reformation.

B. Atlantic trade in enslaved persons.

C. Columbian Exchange.

D. growth of joint-stock companies.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The image shows animals and items from the Americas being given to Cortés, a European, and thereby shows an exchange of goods from one continent to another.

300

_{Book on Islamic empires in the Early Modern Period written by Douglas E. Streusand, a military historian, and published in 2018.}
To a world historian, [the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires] were among the most powerful and influential [states] in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. . . . They dominated much of the environment that Europeans encountered in their first era of exploration and expansion. . . . [T]he empires offer an example of the evolution of new political doctrines, institutions, and practices in response to continuing challenges. . . . They were among the first to use firearms effectively.

Which development in the Ottoman and Mughal empires in the Early Modern Period best supports the author’s claim in the second sentence of the second paragraph?

A. Rulers in both empires adopted policies of limited religious toleration.

B. Religious elites in both empires adopted Shi‘a Islam but protected Sunni Muslims.

C. Non-Muslims frequently became emperors in both empires.

D. Sufis often succeeded in converting non-Muslims to Islam.

Answer A

This is the best answer. Non-Muslim populations in the Ottoman and Mughal empires often saw the Ottomans and Mughals as legitimate rulers because rulers in both states granted limited religious freedom to non-Muslims. Non-Muslims could practice their religion freely and maintain their own traditional religious laws and customs. In exchange, non-Muslims in both empires had to follow various restrictions that made them subordinate to, or lower than, Muslims politically, legally, economically, and culturally.

300

The spread of Catholicism throughout Central and South America in the sixteenth century was most directly the result of

A. the growth of the global Spanish silver trade.

B. increased rivalries between Catholic colonial powers in the Americas.

C. the creation of extractive plantation economies.

D. increased missionary activity by the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation.

Answer D

This is the best answer. Following the Protestant Reformation and the European discovery of the Americas, the Catholic Church began to look for converts in the Americas and other regions in an effort to compete with Protestantism and prevent its spread outside of Europe. The Catholic Church sent many missionaries to the Americas, resulting in a large number of Amerindian converts throughout the sixteenth century.

300

_{Source: Academic article by Maxwell K. Hearn and Madeleine Zelin, United States scholars of Chinese art history and history, published online, 2023.}
The Qianlong Emperor [ruled 1735–1796] was the first Manchu ruler to feel completely at ease with both his Manchu and his Chinese identities. He also began to conceive of himself as a “universal ruler.” Qianlong deliberately represented himself differently to each of the various constituents that formed his extensive, multiethnic empire. To the Tibetans, for example, Qianlong portrayed himself as a reincarnation of one of the most important bodhisattvas [holy figures] of Tibetan Buddhism. For the Mongols he took on the role of a steppe prince who understood their steppe traditions. To the Han Chinese he portrayed himself as a scholar and great patron of Chinese learning and art.

Interestingly, Qianlong saw himself as the emperor of not only the Han Chinese, the Manchus, and all the other ethnic groups in his empire, but also all beyond the empire. Thus, the contingent of Jesuit missionaries who came to China . . . were often incorporated into the activities of the Qianlong Emperor’s court and deemed to be proper subjects of the “Universal Monarch.”

The scholarship and learning mentioned in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to

A. the influence of Western science and education at the Chinese court.
B. the continuing importance of Confucianism.
C.the spread of Buddhism in China.
D. the role of the emperor as a Shinto deity.

Answer B

This is the best answer. The authors of the passage describe the Qianlong emperor’s efforts to portray himself “as a scholar and great patron of Chinese learning and art.” These reflect Confucian principles of scholarship and good governance, which had been important in China since the Classical Period.

300

Embraced Westernization and European Trade

What is Russia?

400

The shipping log best illustrates which economic development in the Early Modern Period?

A. Europeans faced numerous restrictions when they tried to trade with Asian states.

B. Europeans developed joint-stock companies to facilitate their trade in Asia.

C. European merchants used luxury goods to acquire precious metals in Asia.

D. European states engaged in numerous wars against each other for control over Asian markets.

Answer B

This is the best answer. The shipping log shows that the Dutch East India Company—a joint-stock company—was bringing very large quantities of high-priced goods to the Netherlands from Indonesia.

400

Examine the passage, and then choose the best answer or answers to each question.

Book on Islamic empires in the Early Modern Period written by Douglas E. Streusand, a military historian, and published in 2018.

In the first paragraph, the author’s main argument is that the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires_____?

were some of the most dominant and important states in the Early Modern Period.

In the first sentence of the first paragraph, the author argues that the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires “were among the most powerful and influential [states] in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.” He then uses examples in the rest of the paragraph to support his argument of why world historians consider these Islamic empires to have been so dominant and important.

400

Which choice best describes a change in the global economy during the Early Modern Period?

A. Artisan handcrafted goods were largely replaced by factory manufactured goods.

B. Total economic production in Africa surpassed total economic production in Asia.

C. Muslim empires refused to trade with non-Muslim European merchants.

D. Maritime trade became more important to global trade.

Answer D

400

_{Summary of the testimony of Domingos Fernandes Nobre, a man of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, given to the Portuguese Holy Office of the Inquisition in Brazil, 1592.}

Domingos Fernandes Nobre confessed that five or six years ago there arose among the heathen Indians a heresy and superstition, which they called Santidade. They called one heathen priest Pope, whom they said was God, and other men they called saints. There was also a heathen woman they called Mother of God and other women they called saints. They performed baptisms among themselves with burning candles and sprinkled water on the heads of the baptized.

The heresy was then established. It mimicked and falsified the practices of the Christian Church. The heathens performed baptisms and made churches with altars, holy water fonts, and prayer beads. They had an idol on the altar. It represented the figure of an animal that was neither human nor bird nor fish nor worm, but was like a chimera,* which they worshipped.

*A chimera is a mythological monster with parts taken from various animals.

Which conclusion about the Portuguese Holy Office of the Inquisition in Brazil is best supported by the passage?

A. It investigated whether practices were contrary to Catholic teachings.
B. It encouraged Catholics to worship multiple deities.
C. It endorsed the creation of new Catholic leadership.
D. It was deeply invested in gaining new converts to Catholicism.

Answer A

This is the best answer. The passage describes testimony from a man who mentions the performance of religious practices that he witnessed. The Office of the Inquisition stated that these practices were part of a “heresy” that “mimicked and falsified the practices of the Christian Church.” A “heresy” is a religious belief or practice that is not accepted as orthodox religious teaching.

400

The presence of Europeans in Qianlong’s court as mentioned in the second paragraph was most directly facilitated by

A. overland journeys of travelers like Marco Polo.
B. transoceanic voyages by merchants seeking access to Asian markets.
C. the conquest of Chinese ports by imperialist navies to trade opium.
D. the spread of the ideas of socialists like Karl Marx.

The best answer for this question is B.

The Jesuit priests referred to in the passage first came to the Qing court as a result of the expansion of the Portuguese trading-post empire in East Asia. Portuguese merchants voyaged across Asia in efforts to trade in markets in India, China, Southeast Asia and elsewhere.

400

Established a Strong Centralized Government and utilized a strong military to accomplish imperial goals.

What is both Russia and Qing China

500

Which factor most strongly influenced demand for silver and other precious metals from the Americas in the Early Modern Period?

A. The decline of land-based empires in Asia

B.European merchants’ desire to acquire Chinese goods

C. The spread of crops from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia

D.Expanding large-scale European settlements in the Indian Ocean region

Answer B

This is the best answer. The export of silver and gold from the Americas contributed directly to expanded European trade in Asia, particularly India and China. The Chinese had limited interest in European trade goods, which forced Europeans to use large amounts of precious metals (mostly silver) to acquire Chinese trade goods.

500

Which conclusion is most directly supported by the shipping log?

A. The Dutch operated large diamond mines in China.

B. Dutch trade in Asia was conducted on a small scale by individual merchants.

C. Spices were significant goods acquired by the Dutch in Asia.

D. Europeans manufactured large amounts of cloth in Asia.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The shipping log shows that the Dutch ships mostly carried Asian spices to the Netherlands.

500

Image 1: Pieter Cnoll, Cornelia van Nijenrode, and their Daughters, portrait painted by Dutch artist Jacob Coeman, 1665

Which statement about Dutch Indonesia is best supported by Image 1 ?

A: The Dutch had limited influence on Javanese culture.

B: Trade with Japan was the largest part of the colonial economy of Dutch Java.

C: The Dutch interacted with people of different ethnic and racial backgrounds.

D. All Dutch families had numerous Javanese servants.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The presence of Javanese servants and the ethnic heritage of Cornelia van Nijenrode demonstrate that the interactions between people of different ethnic and racial backgrounds were common to the period.

500

_{Summary of the testimony of Domingos Fernandes Nobre, a man of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, given to the Portuguese Holy Office of the Inquisition in Brazil, 1592.}
Domingos Fernandes Nobre confessed that five or six years ago there arose among the heathen Indians a heresy and superstition, which they called Santidade. They called one heathen priest Pope, whom they said was God, and other men they called saints. There was also a heathen woman they called Mother of God and other women they called saints. They performed baptisms among themselves with burning candles and sprinkled water on the heads of the baptized.

A. used religion as a way of protesting against European oppression.
B. condemned Christian religious beliefs as evil.
C. blended Christian rituals with their own spiritual practices.
D. incorporated new ideas into their culture through exposure to European texts.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The passage demonstrates that Amerindians took Christian rituals such as baptism and combined them with their own religious ideals. This blending is demonstrated in the last sentence, which describes Amerindians using prayer beads and holy water fonts to worship a chimera on an altar.

500

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

What is Isolationism?