Learning Check Point 1
Learning Checkpoint 2
Globalization Say What!! (Double Jeapoardy)
Learning Checkpoint 1.5
Learning Checkpoint 2.5
Learning Checkpoints, preofrmance task, oh my!
100
What is the Austro-Hungarian government’s main purpose in publicizing this passage?
A. To remind the Serbian government of prior treaties and commitments
B. To accuse the Serbian government of allowing a rebellion to grow in Bosnia
C. To compare the Serbian government’s policies to the policies of the Austrian government
D. To condemn the Serbian government for actions that limited free speech and expression
Public ultimatum from the government of Austria-Hungary to the government of Serbia, delivered July 23, 1914.
The history of recent years, and in particular the assassination of the Archduke last June, have shown the existence of a rebellious movement with the purpose of detaching Bosnia* from the territories of Austria-Hungary.
The movement, which had its birth under the eye of the Serbian government, has gone so far as to carry out numerous outrages on both sides of the Serbian frontier in the form of terrorism and murder.
The Serbian government has done nothing to stop these movements. It has permitted
1. the criminal activities of various societies and associations that act against Austria-Hungary,
2. tolerated irresponsible language on the part of the press,
3. glorified the people responsible for these outrages,
4. allowed army officers and government workers to participate in rebellious activity,
5. permitted anti-Austrian propaganda to be spread publicly,
6. and permitted all actions designed to incite the Serbian population to a hatred of Austria-Hungary.
*A mostly Slavic region in the southern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; Bosnia contained a large Serbian minority.
Answer B
This is the best answer. The passage cites several examples to support an argument that the Serbian government has not done enough to stop the growth of revolutionary movements hostile to the Austrian Empire and has even permitted “army officers and government workers to participate in rebellious activity.”
100
Which choice describes the cartoonist’s most likely intent in Image 1?
A.To argue for a more aggressive policy toward the Soviet Union
B. To criticize President Kennedy for his foreign policy decisions
C. To illustrate the need for the United Nations to act as an intermediary between the two nuclear superpowers
D. To show the potential mutual destruction posed by the tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States
Image 1: Political Cartoon Published in the Daily Mail, a British Newspaper, London, October 1962
The cartoon depicts Nikita Khrushchev (left) and John F. Kennedy (right) arm-wrestling while sitting on hydrogen bombs.
British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent. ©2018 Associated Newspapers Ltd. /Solo Syndication
Image 2: Soviet Poster Marking the Signing of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Nuclear Disarmament Treaty, December 8, 1987
Private CollectionSputnik/Bridgeman Images
Answer D
This is the best answer. The hydrogen bombs that both Khrushchev and Kennedy are sitting on, and the implied danger of pushing the buttons that would explode the bombs, show that the tensions between the two powers may lead to a mutually destructive nuclear war.
100
The emergence of an interconnected world through the development of technology.
What is Globalization?
100
Based on the passage, the Soviet Union was similar to other industrialized countries in the 1930s in which way?
A.Growing state bureaucracies provided new job opportunities for the middle classes.
B. Radio technology brought citizens more information about their governments.
C.Governments became more involved in regulating economic activity.
D. Formerly imperial states turned inwards to address challenges at home.
Source: Sheila Fitzpatrick, Australian historian of the Soviet Union, 1999
For [Russians in the 1930s], the state was [an unavoidable] presence. In the first place, it was the [only official producer and distributor] of goods. . . . In the second place, all urban citizens worked for the state. . . . In the third place, the state. . . issued and demanded an endless stream of documents and permits for the simplest operations of daily life. . . . Citizens speculated endlessly about the people “up there” and what new surprises they might have in store for the population, but felt powerless to influence them. Even the jokes that Soviet citizens loved to tell, despite the danger of being caught in “anti-Soviet conversation,” were typically. . . about bureaucrats, the Communist Party, and the secret police.
Answer C
This is the best answer. During the global Depression of the 1930s, many governments responded to high unemployment and other economic challenges by more actively intervening in their countries’ economies. The Soviet Union was an extreme example of this trend and combined political repression with economic regulation.
100
The passage most directly supports which conclusion about the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution?
A.They believed that Mao Zedong’s teachings were compatible with individual freedom.
B. They believed that state ownership of firms and businesses would only be temporary to root out corruption.
C. They believed that education could help landlords and rich peasants better understand one another.
D. They believed that materialism and foreign cultural influences were threats to China.
List of demands from “Red Guard” students aged sixteen to nineteen from the Maoism High School in Beijing, 1966. The Red Guards were an armed movement organized by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution, which sought to purge those who failed to sufficiently support Mao’s policies.
The present Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution must overthrow the old ideology, the old culture, the old customs, and the old habits. We demand:
1. Printing companies must print enough copies of Quotations from Chairman Mao until everyone in China has a copy.
2. Everyone must carry the Quotations, constantly study it, and do everything in harmony with it.
3. In a proletarian society, private enterprise cannot be allowed to exist. We promise to make all firms state owned.
4. Our socialist society absolutely cannot allow any juvenile delinquents to exist. We order everyone to get rid of your blue jeans, shave off your slick hairdos, and take off your trendy sneakers.
5. Children must sing revolutionary songs. Rotten foreign tunes must never again be heard in the air of our socialist state.
6. Heads of families are not allowed to educate their children with bourgeois ideology.
7. Landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, and capitalists must wear plaques that name their crimes when they go outside so that the masses will recognize them.
8. From now on, all universities, high schools, and vocational schools will be run as communist schools.
9. Schools must use Mao’s works as textbooks and educate the youth in Mao Zedong’s thought.
Answer D
This is the best answer. The passage directly criticizes foreign music (“Rotten foreign tunes”), clothing, and haircuts (“slick hairdos”) and states that these foreign cultural influences should not exist in a socialist state or society.
100
By 1945, ______ experienced a similar level of change in economic production and destruction of its major cities as Japan. By contrast, _______ had an economic and military experience most different from that of Japan in 1945.
1. Germany, the United States
2. Great Brittian (UK/England), Italy
Source 2: Graph Showing the Percentage of City Destruction Caused by Allied Bombing of Major Japanese Cities between August 1 and August 6, 1945
Prior to August 6, destruction was caused by conventional bombing. The destruction in Hiroshima on August 6 was the result of an atomic bomb.
1. Germany, the United States
200
Based on the passage, the Serbian government’s actions were most likely motivated by
A. fascism, because the Serbian government was promoting theories of racial supremacy.
B. militarism, because the Serbian government was preparing to fight for Serbian independence.
C. isolationism, because the Serbian government was attempting to cut ties with all outside nations.
D. nationalism, because the Serbian government was supporting separatist groups.
Public ultimatum from the government of Austria-Hungary to the government of Serbia, delivered July 23, 1914.
The history of recent years, and in particular the assassination of the Archduke last June, have shown the existence of a rebellious movement with the purpose of detaching Bosnia* from the territories of Austria-Hungary.
The movement, which had its birth under the eye of the Serbian government, has gone so far as to carry out numerous outrages on both sides of the Serbian frontier in the form of terrorism and murder.
The Serbian government has done nothing to stop these movements. It has permitted
1. the criminal activities of various societies and associations that act against Austria-Hungary,
2. tolerated irresponsible language on the part of the press,
3. glorified the people responsible for these outrages,
4. allowed army officers and government workers to participate in rebellious activity,
5. permitted anti-Austrian propaganda to be spread publicly,
6. and permitted all actions designed to incite the Serbian population to a hatred of Austria-Hungary.
*A mostly Slavic region in the southern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; Bosnia contained a large Serbian minority.
Answer D
This is the best answer. The Austrian government claims the Serbian government is supporting nationalist groups within Serbia to rebel against Austrian power and undermine the Austrian monarchy. The passage states that a “rebellious movement with the purpose of detaching Bosnia . . . had its birth under the eye of the Serbian government.”
200
Which development most directly contributed to the situation portrayed in Image 1?
A.The expansion of military industrial complexes
B. The spread of globalization through the removal of barriers to international trade
C. The emergence of wars between colonial powers in Asia and Africa
D. The establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement
Image 1: Political Cartoon Published in the Daily Mail, a British Newspaper, London, October 1962
The cartoon depicts Nikita Khrushchev (left) and John F. Kennedy (right) arm-wrestling while sitting on hydrogen bombs.
British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent. ©2018 Associated Newspapers Ltd. /Solo Syndication
Image 2: Soviet Poster Marking the Signing of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Nuclear Disarmament Treaty, December 8, 1987
Private CollectionSputnik/Bridgeman Images
Answer A
This is the best answer. The development of government and manufacturing firms that produced ever-expanding military forces in the United States and the Soviet Union as well as allies of the two countries contributed directly to the tensions shown in Image 1. These military industrial complexes developed new technologies, built more weapons, and increased the potential for conflict between the two superpowers.
200
An economic system that promotes trade across the globe with no or minimal limits. The dominate economic system today.
What is Free Trade Capitalism?
200
Which conclusion is best supported by the photograph?
A. Bank customers were concerned about their savings accounts.
B. Bank customers were excited about arriving on a typical day.
C. Bank customers were frequently intimidated by bystanders.
D. Bank customers were resentful of the large presence of German police.
News Photograph Showing Customers Crowding in front of a Bank to Withdraw Their Deposits, Berlin, Germany, 1931
Answer A
This is the best answer. The image is a news photograph showing an anxious crowd of bank customers in Berlin looking to withdraw their deposits, pressing against the entrance to the bank, while police attempt to maintain order.
200
The passage most directly illustrates how Mao Zedong and his followers
A. Adapted Lenin’s ideas of communism to suit the needs of a largely urban society.
B. established a communist dictatorship and sought to build a centrally planned economy inspired by Marxist ideology.
C. redistributed private wealth to help China recover from the Great Depression and increase support for communism.
D. allied themselves with the Soviet Union and other communist states to create an international socialist trading system.
List of demands from “Red Guard” students aged sixteen to nineteen from the Maoism High School in Beijing, 1966. The Red Guards were an armed movement organized by Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution, which sought to purge those who failed to sufficiently support Mao’s policies.
The present Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution must overthrow the old ideology, the old culture, the old customs, and the old habits. We demand:
1. Printing companies must print enough copies of Quotations from Chairman Mao until everyone in China has a copy.
2. Everyone must carry the Quotations, constantly study it, and do everything in harmony with it.
3. In a proletarian society, private enterprise cannot be allowed to exist. We promise to make all firms state owned.
4. Our socialist society absolutely cannot allow any juvenile delinquents to exist. We order everyone to get rid of your blue jeans, shave off your slick hairdos, and take off your trendy sneakers.
5. Children must sing revolutionary songs. Rotten foreign tunes must never again be heard in the air of our socialist state.
6. Heads of families are not allowed to educate their children with bourgeois ideology.
7. Landlords, rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, and capitalists must wear plaques that name their crimes when they go outside so that the masses will recognize them.
8. From now on, all universities, high schools, and vocational schools will be run as communist schools.
9. Schools must use Mao’s works as textbooks and educate the youth in Mao Zedong’s thought.
Answer B
This is the best answer. The passage repeatedly emphasizes communist ideas and policies regarding state ownership of all firms, socialist education, and punishment of capitalists or propertied classes. The statement “In a proletarian society, private enterprise cannot be allowed to exist” is a clear example of a communist centrally planned system.
200
Which choice is best supported by the evidence in the two sources?
A. Japan’s military production improved due to technological advancements between 1941 and 1945.
B. Japan’s urban industry was severely diminished by Allied attacks by 1945.
C. Japan’s ability to produce war materials did not significantly change until 1945.
D. Japan’s industrial economy switched primarily to producing consumer goods by 1945.
Source 2: Graph Showing the Percentage of City Destruction Caused by Allied Bombing of Major Japanese Cities between August 1 and August 6, 1945
Prior to August 6, destruction was caused by conventional bombing. The destruction in Hiroshima on August 6 was the result of an atomic bomb.
Answer B
This is the best answer. The combination of Allied strategic bombing of urban centers (as shown in Source 2), the blockades of Japanese ports and shipping, and the significant military defeats across the Pacific severely diminished Japan’s industrial capacity to produce war material by 1945; Source 1 shows the significant drops in production by 1945.
300
Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia led to a far-reaching conflict, because the two nations
A. were each connected to alliances that included many world powers.
B. possessed Asian and African colonies that quickly joined the conflict.
C. had developed new military technologies that increased casualties.
D. owned much of the world’s factories.
Answer A
This is the best answer. Germany and Italy had signed a treaty promising to defend Austria, while Serbia’s ally, Russia, had signed a treaty of defense with Great Britain and France. As a result, the “numerous outrages,” including “terrorism and murder,” described in the passage quickly expanded the conflict between Austria and Serbia and soon drew the participation of all major European powers, resulting in World War I.
300
Image 2 best illustrates which change in international relations from those depicted in Image 1?
A.The rapid development of former colonial economies in newly independent states.
B. The decline in the power of both superpowers as a result of the Vietnam War and the war in Afghanistan.
C. The decline in tensions between the two superpowers near the end of the Cold War.
D. The development of new economic partnerships due to the establishment of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
Answer C
This is the best answer. The Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Nuclear Disarmament Treaty reduced the nuclear armaments of the United States and the Soviet Union, and thereby helped lead to a decline in tensions between the two superpowers before the end of the Cold War. The image shows the flags of both countries forming an X that crosses out a nuclear weapon. This symbolism intends to illustrate reduced tension and the superpowers’ joint opposition to the further development of certain nuclear weapons.
300
The only country with political, economic, and military predominance over the entire world
What is the United States/ U.S Hegemony?
300
The conditions shown in the image were the direct result of the
A. political crises of the Russian Revolution.
B. demographic decline caused by World War I.
C. beginning of the Great Depression.
D. Treaty of Versailles.
News Photograph Showing Customers Crowding in front of a Bank to Withdraw Their Deposits, Berlin, Germany, 1931
Answer C
This is the best answer. The crash of the stock market in the United States had a catastrophic ripple effect across the world economy, leading to the cutoff of loans and investment. This cutoff severely weakened banks and led to the type of runs on deposits shown in the image, causing further economic problems that eventually led to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
300
Which choice best describes the results of the twentieth-century population trends that are illustrated in the graph?
A. They led to increased demand for natural resources.
B. They contributed to limiting technological innovation.
C. They contributed to the decline of nationalist movements.
D. They led to increased barriers to global investment.
Graph Showing the Population of Selected Countries from 1920 to 2019
Source: Data adapted from Our World In Data, found online at https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth
Answer A
This is the best answer. Growing populations like those shown in the graph led to an increase in the demand for natural resources and increased damage to the environment.
300
Based on the graph, during which time period did the population of China and India first grew larger than one billion people.
A. 1940-1960
B. 1960-1980
C. 1980-2000
D. 2000-2019
Graph Showing the Population of Selected Countries from 1920 to 2019
Source: Data adapted from Our World In Data, found online at https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth
C
400
In the final sentence of the passage, Fitzpatrick mentions “the jokes that Soviet citizens loved to tell” to support her claim that during the 1930s,
A. the Soviet government influenced the smallest details of its citizens’ lives.
B. the Soviet secret police were not very effective at controlling citizens’ behavior.
C. Soviet citizens paid little attention to the policies enacted by their leaders.
D. Soviet citizens were often happy despite the difficulties of life under Communist rule.
Source: Sheila Fitzpatrick, Australian historian of the Soviet Union, 1999
For [Russians in the 1930s], the state was [an unavoidable] presence. In the first place, it was the [only official producer and distributor] of goods. . . . In the second place, all urban citizens worked for the state. . . . In the third place, the state. . . issued and demanded an endless stream of documents and permits for the simplest operations of daily life. . . . Citizens speculated endlessly about the people “up there” and what new surprises they might have in store for the population, but felt powerless to influence them. Even the jokes that Soviet citizens loved to tell, despite the danger of being caught in “anti-Soviet conversation,” were typically. . . about bureaucrats, the Communist Party, and the secret police.
Answer A
This is the best answer. Fitzpatrick argues that the Soviet government was “an unavoidable presence,” then mentions various pieces of evidence to support this claim. This evidence includes the way that Soviet citizens were preoccupied with thinking about their government—so much so that even their jokes focused on it.
400
Which development could be used as evidence of the relationship between science and political interests as described in the passage?
A.The Mexican government’s takeover of private companies following the Mexican Revolution
B. The increasing use of violence by nationalist movements that opposed colonial rule following World War II
C. The advances in rocket and space technology made by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
D. The increased transfer of Western agricultural technology to Asia and Africa during the Green Revolution
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, book written by Yuval Noah Harari, an Israeli historian and philosopher, 2015.
We are living in a technical age. Many are convinced that science and technology hold the answers to all our problems. They believe we should just let the scientists and technicians go on with their work and they will create heaven here on earth. But science is not an enterprise that takes place on some superior moral or spiritual plane, above the rest of human activity. Like all other parts of our culture, it is shaped by economic, political, and religious interests.
Science is a very expensive affair. Modern science has achieved wonders thanks largely to the willingness of governments, businesses, foundations, and private donors to channel billions of dollars into scientific research. Most scientific studies are funded because somebody believes they can help attain some political, economic, or religious goal. . . . Only rarely do scientists dictate the scientific agenda.
Scientific research can flourish only in alliance with some religion or ideology. The ideology justifies the cost of the research. In exchange, the ideology influences the scientific agenda and determines what to do with the discoveries.
Answer C
This is the best answer. Hariri argues that the costly nature of scientific and technological advancements requires that powerful institutions fund scientific research and that their ideologies fundamentally shape scientific developments. The development of rocket and space technologies by the United States and the Soviet Union is an example of such expensive scientific and technological advancements being funded by powerful national institutions.
400
The Name of Every supranational free trade organization and their geographic locations.
What is:
1. The European Union (Europe)
2. The African Union (Africa)
3. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (Middle East/Europe/Africa/South America)
4. World Trade Organization (United States)
5. The Organization of American States (North and South America)
6. The International Monetary Fund (United States)
400
The European economic conditions shown in the image led most directly to
A.Britain and France pursuing a policy of appeasement.
B. increased popular support for extreme nationalism and fascism in Europe.
C. the creation of a communist government in Russia.
D. growing support for political and economic liberalism in Europe.
News Photograph Showing Customers Crowding in front of a Bank to Withdraw Their Deposits, Berlin, Germany, 1931
Answer B
This is the best answer. As conditions in Germany and other countries worsened as a result of the Great Depression, parties that promoted extreme nationalism, beliefs in racial superiority to justify their actions, and authoritarianism gained in popularity by scapegoating minorities and rejecting the postwar settlement of the Treaty of Versailles.
400
Which choice best represents an effect of rapid population growth that many developing nations experienced in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?
A. Food production capabilities improved as pollution decreased.
B. Educational and medical improvements increased life expectancy.
C. Populations in cities increased as people moved from rural areas.
D. State funding for infrastructure and housing decreased.
Graph Showing the Population of Selected Countries from 1920 to 2019
Source: Data adapted from Our World In Data, found online at https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth
Answer C
This is the best answer. Major urban growth is often directly connected to rapid population growth. Much of the new population must often migrate from rural areas to growing cities in search of employment and other social and economic opportunities.
400
What is the Authors's main argument?
Kwame Nkrumah’s I Speak of Freedom: A Statement of African Ideology, 1961
Critics of African unity often refer to the wide differences in culture, language and ideas in various parts of Africa. This is true, but the essential fact remains that we are all Africans, and have a common interest in the independence of Africa.
The present leaders of Africa have already shown a remarkable willingness to consult and seek advice among themselves. Africans have, indeed, begun to think continentally. They realise that they have much in common, both in their past history, in their present problems and in their future hopes.
The greatest contribution that Africa can make to the peace of the world is to avoid all the dangers inherent in disunity, by creating a political union which will also by its success, stand as an example to a divided world.
The main argument of the passage is that despite the cultural, linguistic, and ideological differences across Africa, the continent shares a common identity and a shared interest in achieving independence. The passage emphasizes that African unity is essential for addressing common historical challenges, present issues, and future aspirations. By creating political unity, Africa can not only secure its own peace and progress but also set an example of harmony for the world.
500
The experiences of Soviet citizens, as described in the passage, most directly resulted from which development?
A.The Soviet Union struggled to adopt Marxism-Leninism while maintaining an agrarian economy.
B. The Soviet Union reacted to economic challenges by pursuing imperial expansion.
C.The Soviet Union grew more authoritarian under the leadership of Joseph Stalin.
D. The Soviet Union rapidly increased its population’s literacy levels and standards of living.
Source: Sheila Fitzpatrick, Australian historian of the Soviet Union, 1999
For [Russians in the 1930s], the state was [an unavoidable] presence. In the first place, it was the [only official producer and distributor] of goods. . . . In the second place, all urban citizens worked for the state. . . . In the third place, the state. . . issued and demanded an endless stream of documents and permits for the simplest operations of daily life. . . . Citizens speculated endlessly about the people “up there” and what new surprises they might have in store for the population, but felt powerless to influence them. Even the jokes that Soviet citizens loved to tell, despite the danger of being caught in “anti-Soviet conversation,” were typically. . . about bureaucrats, the Communist Party, and the secret police.
Answer C
This is the best answer. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet government used increasingly repressive measures to control its citizens and took charge of producing and distributing all goods. These developments lead to the situation Fitzpatrick describes, in which citizens interacted constantly with agents of the state.
500
The cost of research discussed in the second paragraph explains which outcome?
A.The benefits of scientific advances have been concentrated mostly in wealthier nations.
B. The spread of nuclear technology has made power plants much less expensive to build.
C. The pace of scientific research and innovation has decreased.
D. The development of communications technologies and knowledge economies has limited funding for scientific research.
Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, book written by Yuval Noah Harari, an Israeli historian and philosopher, 2015.
We are living in a technical age. Many are convinced that science and technology hold the answers to all our problems. They believe we should just let the scientists and technicians go on with their work and they will create heaven here on earth. But science is not an enterprise that takes place on some superior moral or spiritual plane, above the rest of human activity. Like all other parts of our culture, it is shaped by economic, political, and religious interests.
Science is a very expensive affair. Modern science has achieved wonders thanks largely to the willingness of governments, businesses, foundations, and private donors to channel billions of dollars into scientific research. Most scientific studies are funded because somebody believes they can help attain some political, economic, or religious goal. . . . Only rarely do scientists dictate the scientific agenda.
Scientific research can flourish only in alliance with some religion or ideology. The ideology justifies the cost of the research. In exchange, the ideology influences the scientific agenda and determines what to do with the discoveries.
Answer A
This is the best answer. The high costs of scientific and technological research have contributed to the increased concentration of research and new discoveries in large governmental, educational, and corporate institutions in wealthier regions like the United States and Europe. Scientists and students from poorer developing nations often need to travel to large universities or corporations in wealthier nations for their education or research. Their discoveries often benefit wealthier national institutions as well.
500
The Consequences of Globalization
Effects:
Cultural diffusion and Multinational corporations
Higher standards of living and wealth
More divorces
More availability and access of cheaper goods
More tertiary economies (services)
Increased inequality of wealth
Resource (primary) and Industry(secondary) economies are a lot poorer
Increased destruction of the environment
More job outsourcing
500
Which choice best summarizes the data shown in Source 2?
A. Other than Toyama, most Japanese cities were only lightly affected by Allied strategic bombing.
B. Hiroshima experienced more destruction than any other Japanese city.
C. Conventional bombs were used on the city that experienced the most destruction.
D. The Allied bombing campaign against Japanese cities caused equal damage to each targeted city.
Source 2: Graph Showing the Percentage of City Destruction Caused by Allied Bombing of Major Japanese Cities between August 1 and August 6, 1945
Prior to August 6, destruction was caused by conventional bombing. The destruction in Hiroshima on August 6 was the result of an atomic bomb.
Answer C
This is the best answer. The graph shows that Toyama experienced almost total destruction from conventional bombing on August 1. Toyama’s level of destruction was greater than that experienced by any other Japanese city shown in the graph.
500
Which choice best describes the way in which China’s economy changed in the late twentieth century after the death of Mao Zedong?
A. China focused on increasing consumer spending among its population.
B. China sought to expand peasant agricultural production and rely less on manufacturing.
C. China encouraged state-owned companies to shift production to Latin America.
D. China adopted liberal market reforms while keeping many socialist features.
Answer D
This is the best answer. After 1980 under Deng Xiaoping, the Chinese state adopted a variety of market-based reforms, which led to significant growth in manufacturing and international trade. It also brought significant foreign capital investment to China. At the same time, large portions of the Chinese economy maintained socialist features of command economies, such as the existence of large state-owned enterprises.
500
What is the Author's main argument?
Egyptian President Nasser’s speech “Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users’ Association,” September 1956
I declare in the name of the Egyptian people who have smashed the fetters of foreign domination, aggression and feudalism that we are fully determined to defend our sovereign rights and preserve our dignity.
Today the Egyptian people are fully aware of their sovereign rights and Arab nationalism is fully awakened to its new destiny.
He who attacks Egypt attacks the whole Arab world.
We believe in international law. But we will never submit.
The whole Arab nation will stand by us in our common fight against aggression and domination. Free peoples, too, people who are really free will stand by us and support us against the forces of tyranny.
Today we are victorious while we are serving every nation of the world. We are serving countries like India and Indonesia and we are victorious while we contribute toward world prosperity and development of world trade.
The speech emphasizes Egypt's pride in its independence and its role in the broader Arab nationalist movement. It asserts that any attack on Egypt is an attack on the entire Arab world. The author also stresses Egypt's adherence to international law, but makes it clear that Egypt will not submit to any form of aggression or domination. Egypt's fight is portrayed as not only for its own freedom, but also as part of a broader struggle for global justice, supported by other free nations.