Native Societies
This primary grain crop spread from present-day mexico, fueling massive population growth
What is Maize?
The Chinook and Chumash tribes established advanced canoes and complex societies along the coast.
What is the Pacific Coast/Northwest?
This old-world disease decimated the Native American populations by upwards of 90%
What is smallpox?
These Spanish soldier-explorers led the military campaign over the Aztec and Inca empires
What is Conquistadors?
While Europeans viewed land as a private property to be bought and sold, most Native American tribes viewed land ownership in this way.
What is Communal/Shared?
Maize, beans, and squash formed this agricultural method that allowed crops to support each others growth
What is the Three Sisters?
Because this region was incredibly arid, tribes like the Hopi and the Pueblo developed irrigation systems to farm maize.
What is the Southwest?
The introduction of this European animal revolutionized Great Plains native warfare, hunting, and mobility
What is the Horse?
This royal grant system gave the Spanish colonists authority over a specified number of natives to extract forced labor, legally tied to the promise of converting them to Christianity.
What is the Encomienda system?
This Spaniard became famous for advocating for native rights and writing reports condemning the cruelty of the Encomienda system.
Who is Bartolome de Las Casas?
This was the largest and most sophisticated pre-Columbian urban settlement north of Mexico
What is Cahokia?
Tribes like the Iroquois and Algonquian in this region mixed hunting and gathering with agriculture, living in permanent villages
What is the Northeast?
These two nutrient rich New World root crops were brought back to Europe, triggering a massive population boom across the continent
What are potato's and sweet potatoes?
This rigid social hierarchy developed by the Spanish classified people based on their racial ancestry.
What is the Casta system?
Las Casas debated this person in 1550, who argued that Native Americans were "Natural Slaves" and that conquest was fully justified to civilize them.
Who is Juan Gines de Sepulveda
To adapt to their environment, southwestern tribes constructed these apartment-like structures into the sides of cliffs.
What are Pueblos?
What is the Great Basin?
This New World luxury cash crop became an addictive staple in Europe and fueled the rapid expansion of early plantation systems
What is tobacco?
As native populations shrank from disease, Spain turned to this labor system to supply workers in the Caribbean.
What is the African Slave Trade?
This 1680 uprising successfully expelled the Spanish from New Mexico for over a decade after Spain tried to suppress native religious practices.
What is the Pueblo Revolt?
Five distinct tribes formed this powerful political alliance to end inter tribal warfare and present a united front.
What is the Iroquois Confederacy?
Native Americans built massive dirt mounds and a vast trade network along this major along this major river valley
What is the Mississippi River Valley?
This term describes the concept that New World ecosystems were disrupted and remade by the introduction of European species.
What is ecological imperialism?
This specific term was used to describe a person of mixed Spanish and Native American descent.
What is a Mestizo?
Many European colonizers used this term to describe Native Americans' spiritual belief that non-human beings possess a spiritual essence.
What is animism?