Nephrology
This is the functional unit of the renal system.
Nephrons
The four epithelial cells in the stomach that aid in digestion.
Parietal, Mucous, Chief, and G Cells.
This is the largest endocrine gland in adults that regulates metabolism, produces calcitonin, which strengthens bones by channeling calcium to the bones.
Thyroid
This lobe is responsible for hearing as well as verbal and visual memory.
Temporal Lobe
(Bonus 100 points if you can point to where the temporal lobe is located and name the other lobes/their locations)
This type of asthma occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens such as pollen or dust.
Extrinsic asthma
(Bonus 100 points if you can name the antibody released that causes inflammation in airways)
These two ions enter the filtrate during secretion.
Hydrogen and Potassium
What is the function of the pancreas, and where is it located?
The pancreas resides near the duodenum of the small intestine. The majority is dedicated to synthesizing and secreting digestive enzymes into the duodenum to aid with digestion and absorption while the other part of the pancreas is responsible for hormone development.
These two parts of the nervous system work in tangent with the Endocrine system to maintain balanced hormone production.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Name the different parts of the neuron starting from the start of neuron-firing to the end.
Dendrite, Axon, Cell Body, Nucleus, Myelin Sheath, Node of Ranvier, Axon Terminal, Schwann Cell
This is a localized area of erosion in the stomach lining, causing abdominal pain and possible bleeding.
Gastric ulcer, which is commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria and overconsumption of pain relievers.
What are the functions of the Bowman's Capsule and Proximal Tubule?
Bowman's Capsule: A cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus and participates in the filtration of blood from glomerular capillaries.
Proximal Tubule: The beginning of the loop of Henle where nutrients are reabsorbed and allows for the diffusion of water.
This is stored in the stomach until it can be deposited into the duodenum at a rate that the latter can handle, as its capacity is smaller than that of the stomach.
Chyme
You've just received your patient's blood cultures results and see that their blood calcium levels are severely high. They previously complained of experiencing excessive urination, abdominal pain, and general malaise. What should you be looking out for?
Hyperparathyroidism
Name the three evolutionary stages of brain development.
Hindbrain (pons, cerebellum, medulla, brain stem), Midbrain, and Forebrain (thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebral cortex)
This is caused by a blood clot (usually in the legs due to DVT) that dislodges and travels up into the lung and low blood oxygen levels that can damage other organs in the body.
Pulmonary Embolism - These can be life-threatening if not treated right away or if a large clot/many clots travel into the lungs.
A patient enters your Emergency Room complaining of a sudden onset of severe chest pain and fatigue. They tell you that they haven't urinated in the past day, and a physical exam reveals a good amount of swelling in their ankles and feet. What should you be looking out for?
Acute Renal Failure
What are the three primary functions of the Liver?
1. Converts glucose into glycogen for later use. 2. Creation of bile acids to help digest certain vitamins A, D, and E. 3. Detoxifies toxic substances such as alcohol.
(Bonus 100 points if you can name the organ responsible for storing unused bile)
The four different types of protein hormones. Give an example of each.
Protein hormones (human growth hormone), Peptide hormones (oxytocin), Steroid hormones (testosterone), and Amine hormones (norepinephrine)
This part of the brain secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream under the command of the brain and lies underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose. It secretes hormones that act on the adrenal gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, and testes, which in turn produce other hormones.
The Pituitary Gland
This Autosomal Dominant disease causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain, leading to physical, emotional, and mental deterioration.
Huntington's Disease
In simple terms, tell us the flow of the filtration system in the renal system.
Proximal tube to descending limb (where water is reabsorbed from the filtrate) to ascending limb (where salt is secreted into the filtrate) to distal tubule
This shaggy carpet-like structure can be found in your small intestines and increased its surface area.
(Bonus 100 points if you can say why increased surface area in this region is important)
This hormone is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" reaction under extreme pressure, causing dilated pupils that alter perception, increased speed and strength, heart palpitations, and uncontrollable shakiness.
Adrenaline
What are the signs of potential damage to the Wernicke's area of the brain, resulting in Wernicke's Aphasia?
Saying many words that don't make sense; inability to understand the meaning of words; ability to speak well in long sentences but don't make sense to what was said to them; Inability to understand written words; Trouble writing.
A patient enters the emergency and tells you that they hit their head while exiting the shower. They are bleeding slightly, though it appears controlled, and seem very alert. They tell you that they otherwise feel fine aside from a slight headache. When they walk, they sway. What should you do?
Immediately put them on a concussion hold until you can verify they haven't suffered from a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) through CT imaging and a thorough physical exam.