Health in Australia
What does the acronym WHO stand for?
World Health Organization
What is the purpose of health promotion?
To improve health and prevent illness through education, policy, and community action.
What is the main function of the circulatory system?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
What are the three stages of skill acquisition?
Cognitive, associative, autonomous
Name one ethical consideration when conducting research.
Examples: informed consent, confidentiality, avoiding harm, bias, validity, reliability
Name two social determinants of health.
Examples: education, income, employment, social support, housing
Name one strategy used in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.
Examples: Developing personal skills, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action
Describe how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together during exercise.
The respiratory system supplies oxygen, which the circulatory system delivers to muscles; both remove carbon dioxide.
Give one example of intrinsic and one example of extrinsic feedback.
Intrinsic: feedback from within the performer; feeling of movement or balance, feeling of connection with an object such as a soccer ball
Extrinsic: feedback from external sources like coaches or videos; coach verbally speaking, scoreboards, cheers from crowd.
What is the difference between primary and secondary research?
Primary: original data collected firsthand
Secondary: analysis of existing data or literature
Explain how socioeconomic status can influence health outcomes.
Lower SES often leads to reduced access to healthcare, poorer nutrition, increased stress, and higher risk of chronic illness.
Describe how advocacy can improve youth health outcomes.
Advocacy raises awareness, influences policy, and ensures youth voices are heard in health decisions.
Name & OUTLINE two types of muscle contractions.
Isotonic concentric – muscle shortens while contracting
Isotonic eccentric – muscle lengthens while contracting
Isometric – muscle contracts without changing length
Isokinetic – muscle contracts at a constant speed using specialized equipment
Explain how motivation affects skill development.
High motivation leads to greater effort, persistence, and faster learning; low motivation hinders progress.
Describe how teamwork can enhance a collaborative investigation.
Combines diverse skills, encourages idea sharing, improves problem-solving
Identify one priority population in Australia and explain why they are considered a priority.
Example: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples – due to significantly lower life expectancy and higher rates of preventable disease.
Explain how a health promotion initiative could address smoking in young adults.
Through education campaigns, support services, policy changes (e.g., smoke-free zones), and peer-led programs.
Identify a training principle that leads to an increase in VO₂ max and explain why
Progressive Overload - Gradually increasing intensity, duration, or frequency forces the body to adapt
Specificity - Training must target the aerobic energy system
Training Thresholds - training must reach a minimum intensity to trigger adaptation (60-80%MHR)
Compare open and closed skills with examples.
Open: performed in changing environments (e.g., passing in soccer); Closed: performed in stable environments (e.g., free throw in basketball)
Explain how communication skills contribute to successful group work.
Clear communication prevents misunderstandings, promotes collaboration, and ensures task completion
Analyse how the determinants of health interact to influence the health of rural and remote populations.
Limited access to healthcare (environmental), lower income (economic), and reduced education opportunities (social) combine to worsen health outcomes.
Evaluate the effectiveness of a recent health campaign using the Ottawa Charter framework.
Example: The “Quit” campaign – effective due to its use of personal skill development, supportive environments, and policy advocacy.
Describe how the three energy systems contribute to movement during a 400m sprint.
ATP-PC system provides immediate energy for the first 10 seconds.
Lactic acid system takes over for short bursts of high-intensity effort (up to ~60 seconds).
Aerobic system contributes minimally but may assist in recovery and during lower-intensity phases if pacing occurs.
Evaluate the role of mental rehearsal in improving performance in elite athletes.
Enhances focus, confidence, and muscle memory; used to prepare for competition and refine technique.
Analyse the purpose of research in health and movement science
to generate reliable data, deepen understanding of health issues, and evaluate interventions. It informs evidence-based practice by guiding decision-making, improving outcomes, and ensuring that strategies are grounded in scientific evidence rather than assumptions or tradition.