Theorists
Initiative vs. guilt (child reacts to social challenges)
A fine motor development skills
Prehension patterns (gross and precision grasps)
In-hand manipulation
Normal developmental progression is uneven (kids at various levels)
Asynchronous development.
What type of play from Parten is seen at the very end of preschool age.
Solitary (4 yrs), on-looker (2-3 yrs), parallel play continues, associative play (3-4 yrs), COOPERATIVE PLAY seen at late end of preschool age.
The five school-readiness domains
Adaptive skills, social emotional skills, communication, motor and physical skills, cognitive skills
Piaget's preoperational stage (2-7 yrs) includes
Symbolic function
Egocentric
Centration (focus on one aspect of stimulus or situation)
Tactile discrimination develops (sensory). This includes these two types of touch.
Discriminative touch- conscious thoughts about touch; includes perception of touch, pressure and vibrations
Haptic perception- touch memory
Learned helplessness
ADL's at this age
IADL's include
Begins dressing ~3 yrs; zips, shoes/socks; toileting 2-3 yrs (urine before bowel)
Simple chores with housekeeping (adult assist)
The ability to express what is needed, to ask for help and take care of their belongings, as well as follow directions.
Adaptive skills
Bandura's theory.
Social learning theory (modeling and vicarious reinforcement or external reinforcement)
Neurodevelopment in preschooler: The brain grows up to ___ of adult size by 6 years.
A child from around 3-6 years will have a larger right/left hemisphere due to this.
Hand preference develops and is called this.
90%
Left hemisphere- language
Lateralization- 5-7 yrs develop hand dominance
Attachment between and among family members includes these four types
Initial, budding, active, multiple
Syntax and semantics
In-hand manipulation is the process of using one hand to adjust an object for more effective object placement, or release.
The three types of in-hand manipulation.
Three types of in-hand manipulation
Translation- linear movement of object in hand from finger surface to palm or the palm to the fingers
Shift movements- occur at finger and thumb pads with alternation of thumb and finger movement
Rotation- movements at or near pads of fingers that move any object around one or more of its axes
The theory with dimensions of temperament was created by
Chess & Thomas
Graphomotor skills are gained (conceptual & perceptual motor skills involved in drawing and writing). The sequence of learning is as follows:
Tracing, imitating, copying, creating
In regard to cultural influence on development. The preference for obedience to clearly identified authority (family structure and power structure) where individual freedoms are not as important.
The perspective of promoting the individual; allowing for negotiation with authority and considers individual differences.
Authoritarian
Egalitarian
Communication at this age includes the following:
Eye contact, facial expressions, postures, gestures, personal space
Positive cognitive functioning is based on the development of these two things.
Executive attention and self-regulation.
Executive attention- continues to develop through early adulthood but rapid development between 2 and 7 years; measured by pairing time between activation of attention and inhibition accuracy and by looking at the strategies children use to correct and self-regulate
The three types of temperament
Temperament: how one interacts with world; depends on activity level, rhythms of day, style and approach/withdrawal, adaptability, sensory threshold, quality of mood, intensity of reactions, distractibility, persistence, ability to attend.
Self-regulation in preschoolers looks like this. (Include self-regulation with tasks, as well)
Sensory processing, behavior and social emotional
Task behavior, behavior regulation
Consistent and effective pace throughout task
Initiate, persist, and complete tasks
Can focus in distracting environment
Gain independence
How family functions affect development
Socioeconomic status, attachment, time, routines, habits, cohesion (how family members interact with each other, emotional bonding between members), adaptability
Benefits of play: List 3
Physical (fine and gross motor)
Language (explaining themselves)
Self-concept (building self-confidence)
Social development (listening, negotiating, compromising)
Visual motor by age 5:
Cognitive by age 5:
Visual perception- arrange up to three pictures in sequential order, recognizes name when written in uppercase, can find hidden shape within picture, can identify what is missing when something is removed from 4-5 object array
Visual motor- cut out circles and squares, draw face with eyes, nose, and mouth in correct place, draw simple objects, draw between the lines in larger horizontal and vertical paths
Cognitive- attend for long period of time to difficult tasks, understands basic concepts of time, attend to orientation and direction of objects, pictures, and letters
Knows his or her address and phone number