Frontal Lobe
T/F: The frontal lobe accounts for 1/3+ of overall cortical volume
True
What are at least 3 primary Fxs of the temporal lobe?
Encoding memory, understanding language and verbal information, processing emotions, auditory perception and processing, object and facial recognition
Where is the occipital lobe located?
Posterior to the temporal and parietal lobes of both hemispheres
What are at least 3 key Fxs of the parietal lobe?
Sensory integration and processing, spatial awareness and navigation, bodily perception and movement, reading, writing, and math abilities, attention allocation, and environmental perception/ object manipulation
Where is the insula located in the brain?
Deep to the lateral sulcus; covered by the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
Name at least 3 Fxs of the frontal lobe
Decision-making, problem-solving, planning, organization, motivation, discipline, executive function, language production, voluntary motor control, and emotional regulation
____ area is needed for written and spoken language comprehension
Wernicke's area
What could damage to the visual cortex result in? (be specific)
Cortical blindness (cortical visual impairment)
What are the 3 key structures associated with the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, and the inferior parietal lobule (both angular and supramarginal gyri)
Where is the limbic system located in relation to other structures?
It's an internal, curved ring of cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum and diencephalic structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus)
____ area is located here, and is responsible for verbal fluency, phonological processing, grammar processing, and attention during speech?
Broca's area
What does "right ear advantage" refer to?
The right ear is typically better at speech comprehension because of its neural pathway proximity to Wernicke's area (which is in the left hemisphere); contralateral cortical connections
What is the primary Fx of the visual association cortex, and where is it located in the brain?
Surrounds the primary visual cortex; responsible for higher-level color processing, motion detection, depth, and complex forms
T/F: The left and right parietal lobes are lateralized; why or why not?
True; parietal lobes on the dominant side mainly contribute to math and language (usually left), while sensory visual-spatial processing mainly occurs in the non-dominant hemisphere (usually right)
What are at least 3 key Fxs of the limbic system?
Emotional regulation (fear, pleasure, anger, etc.), memory, learning (associates sensory input with emotional significance), motivation/ reward, and olfaction (strongly connected to emotion)
What is the frontal lobe structure responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements, and where is it located?
Motor cortex, in the precentral gyrus
What are the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus areas responsible for, respectively?
Hippocampus: central to forming new declarative memories, such as facts and events, and spatial memory and navigation
Parahippocampal gyrus: involved with contextual memory, such as linking objects to events
What are the Fxs of the primary visual cortex?
Processing visual input from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus (type of thalamic nuclei); specific areas correspond to specific locations in our visual fields
What is the Fx of the parietooccipito-temporal association area, and where is it located?
Plays a key role in higher-order Fxs of auditory, visual, and somatosensory info integration (number processing, spatial awareness, language understanding, etc.); located posterior to the temporal lobe, and wedged between the occipital and parietal lobes
What are at least 3 key Fxs of the insula?
Interoception (awareness of the body's internal states like heartbeat, hunger, pain, etc.), multisensory integration, emotional processing (empathy, risk/reward evaluation, self-awareness), and some involvement with articulation and motor-speech planning
What frontal lobe structure is associated with personality, intelligence, social skills, emotional regulation, and purposeful mental action?
Prefrontal cortex
What are the 3 primary areas of the temporal lobe responsible for various forms of visual processing (object recognition/ categorization, facial recognition, spatial layouts, etc.)?
Inferior temporal cortex, fusiform gyrus (occipitotemporal region), and the parahippocampal place area (PPA)
What does visual agnosia refer to?
Difficulty processing and comprehending a visual input, despite otherwise normal cognitive functioning
The ______ ____________ is mapped on the ____________ gyrus, where different body parts are mapped to comparable sensory size for a somatotopic representation of the human body (representations of sensory locations)
Sensory homunculus, postcentral
What is at least 1 disorder that can result from limbic dysfunction?
Epilepsy, PTSD, anxiety, depression, and amnesia