Airway
Name 3 signs of a partially obstructed airway
Stridor, snoring, gurgling, choking
What is the normal respiratory rate in adults at rest?
12-20 breaths per minute
A prolonged capillary refill time is defined as greater than how many seconds?
>2 seconds
Name the two rapid bedside tools used to assess conscious level
AVPU scale and GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale)
Name 2 bedside manoeuvres that can open an obstructed airway in an unconscious patient without equipment
Head-tilt chin-lift and jaw thrust
Name 3 causes of airway obstruction
Tongue falling back, vomit, secretions, blood, foreign body, soft tissue swelling
What are the differences in adult vs paediatric BLS
Paediatric BLS starts with 5 rescue breaths
CPR ratio of 15:2 if trained
What are the 3 parameters of the Glasgow Coma Scale
Eye Opening Response - 4 points max
Verbal Response - 5 points max
Motor Response - 6 points max
What airway adjunct sits between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall, used in unconscious patients without a gag reflex?
Oropharyngeal (Guedel) airway
What oxygen saturation reading would prompt you to give supplemental oxygen in an acutely unwell adult
<94% (target 94–98% in most patients; 88–92% in those at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure)
Name 3 parameters assessed in circulation
Heart rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, skin temp and colour, bleeding, heart sounds
How do the paediatric choking guidelines differ in adults, children and infants
Infant = 5 back blows then 5 chest thrusts
Child = 5 back blows then 5 abdominal thrusts
When would you choose a nasopharyngeal airway over an oropharyngeal airway?
When the patient has an intact gag reflex (is semi-conscious), or when there is trismus
Name 3 components assessed in breathing
Respiratory rate, chest expansion, percussion note, breath sounds on auscultation, oxygen saturation
What is permissive hypotension
Maintaining a lower-than-normal blood pressure (systolic 70–90 mmHg) until definitive bleeding control is achieved in severe, uncontrolled hemorrhage
What does ATMIST stand for
A - Age
T – Time of injury
M- Mechanism of injury
I-Injury
S-Signs
T- treatment (given or needed)
Describe the order of the airway ladder
Surgical airway
Laryngoscopy/tracheal intubation
Supraglottic airway device /I-GEL
Oropharyngeal airway device
Nasopharyngeal airway
Neck tilt + jaw thrust + mouth open
Chin lift
Jaw thrust
positioning
Neutral alignment of the neck
What is the management of severe croup
1. High flow oxygen
2. Nebulised adrenaline
3. Oral dexamethasone / nebulised budesonide
What is Beck's triad and its components
Clinical signs used to diagnose acute cardiac tamponade
1. Raised JVP
2. Hypotension
3. Muffled heart soudns
A patient has pinpoint pupils bilaterally. What drug is the likely cause and its antidote
Opioid toxicity - Naloxone