The Basics
__________ is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is the ______ substance having mass of which physical objects are composed.
Matter, material
The measure of how fast something is moving or the rate of change of its position with time.
Velocity or Speed
The purest form of a fundamental substance. Cannot be further broken down. Composed of the same types of atoms.
Element
How do you find the Atomic Number? And how is it represented?
The # of protons, Z = Atomic Number
Radioactive isotopes
_________ is the quantity of matter. Remains ________ regardless of its state.
Mass, unchanged
The rate of change of velocity with time. How quickly or slowly the velocity is changing.
Acceleration
2 or more atoms combined by bonding. Can be made by atoms of the same element or different elements.
Molecule
How do you find the Atomic Mass Number? How is it represented?
Atomic Mass # = # of protons + # of neutrons
A = Atomic Mass Number
Name the 2 primary sources of naturally occurring radioisotopes.
1. Originate at the time of the Earth's formation, are decaying very slowly.
2. Some other radioactive materials are continuously produced in the upper atmosphere through the action of cosmic radiation.
1. __________ is the ability to do work.
2. __________ is the ability to do work by virtue of position.
3. __________ is the energy of motion.
4. __________ is the energy released by a chemical reaction.
5. __________ is the energy that can be done when an e- moves throuch an electric potential difference.
6. __________ is the energy of motion at the molecular level.
7. __________ is the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom.
1. Energy
2. Potential energy
3. Kinetic energy
4. Chemical energy
5. Electrical energy
6. Thermal energy
7. Nuclear energy
The push or pull on an object.
Force
Name the subatomic particles and their charge.
Proton = positive
Neuron = no charge
Electron = negative
There are ___ Groups and ___ Periods in the Periodic Table.
8 Groups, 7 Periods.
Results in emission of alpha particles, beta particles and usually gamma rays.
Radioactive decay
What is the difference between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation? Provide examples.
Non-ionizing radiation: energy emitted and transferred through space that doesn't go through ionization.
Ex: Sound, visible light, radiowaves
Ionizing radiation: energy strong enough to knock out an e- that can affect and damage biological tissue.
Ex: X-rays, UV rays, Gamma rays
The force on a body caused by the pull of gravity on it.
Weight
2 or more atoms. Made up of different elements.
Compound
What are Valence Electrons?
Electrons in the outermost shells.
The radioactive half-life of a radioisotope is the ______ required for a quantity of radioactiovity to be reduced to one-half its original value.
time
Name 4 methods of radiation protection.
Collimation, filtration, protective barriers, shielding
The product of the mass of an object and its velocity.
Momentum
Which subatomic particles have mass and which do not?
Protons & neutrons have mass.
Electrons do not have mass.
All Groups in the Periodic Table have the same number of ___________.
Valence electrons
Radioactive decay by ______ emission is important for some nuclear medicine imaging.
positron
Name the 3 base quantities in physics
mass, length, time
The force applied to an object times the distance over which it is applied; the product of force and distance.
Work
What do the names of the electron shells start with? And how many electrons can they hold?
1st - K = 2
2nd - L = 8
3rd - M = 18
4th - N = 32
5th - O = 50
6th - P = 72
7th - Q = 98
Name the 2 major types of atomic bonds.
Covalent and ionic
During _____ emission, an e- created in the nucleus is ejected from the nucleus with considerable kinetic energy and escapes the atom. Results in the loss of a small quantity of mass and one unit of a ______ electric charge from the nucleus of the atom. Simultaneously, a neutron undergoes conversion to a _______.
beta, negative, proton
Name the units used to measure:
1. Mass
2. Length
3. Time
1. kilogram, kg
2. meter, m
3. seconds, s
The rate of doing work; the quotient of work by time.
Power
The force that keeps an electron in orbit. Results from a basic law of electricity that states that opposite charges attract one another and like charges repel.
Centripetal force
An atom of an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Isotope
The ______ particle consists of 2 p+ and 2 no bound together; its atomic mass number = 4. A nucleus must be extremely unstable to emit an ________ particle, but when it does, it loses 2 units of + charge and 4 units of mass.
Alpha, alpha
Name all 4 radiographic quantities
Name the formula/units for Velocity
V=d/t
d=distance, t=time
units: meters/second (m/s)
The force created by the electrons' velocity. The reason why electrons maintain their distance from the nucleus while traveling in a circular or an elliptical path.
Centrifugal force
One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.
Isomer
The result of alpha emission is significant because the resulting atom is not only chemically _________ but it also lighter by ___ amu.
different, 4
Name the units for Exposure
Coulombs/kilogram (C/kg) or Air Kerma (Gya)
Name the formula/units for Acceleration
a=(V_f-V_0)/t
V0= inital velocity, Vf= final velocity, t=time
unit: meters/second2 (m/s2)
The strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus.
Electron binding energy
All Periods in the Periodic Table have the same number of __________.
Electron shells
The result of beta emission is to ________ the atomic number by one, while the atomic mass number ________.
increase, remains the same
Name the units for Absorbed Dose
Joules/kilogram (J/kg) or Grayt (Gyt)
Name the formula/units for Force
F=ma
m=mass, a=acceleration
unit: newton (N)
The closer an e- is the to the nucleus, ________.
A nuclide (an atomic nucleus) that has the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons and therefore a different atomic number.
Isotone
________ emission occurs much more frequently than ________ emission.
Beta, Alpha
Name the units for Effective Dose
Joules/kilogram (J/kg) or Sievert (Sv)
Name the formula/units for Weight.
Wt=mg
m=mass, g=gravity=9.8 m/s2
unit: newton (N)
The greater the total number of e- in an atom, ___________.
The higher the binding energy for e- in any given shell.
One of two or more atoms or elements having the same atomic weights or mass numbers but different atomic numbers.
Isobar
Virtually, all radioisotopes are capable of transformation by _______ emission, but only heavy radioisotopes are capable of _______ emission.
Beta, Alpha
Name the units for Radioactivity
Curie (Ci) or Becquerel (Bq)
Name the formula/units for Momentum.
p=mv
m=mass, v=velocity
unit: kilogram-meters/second (kg*m/s)
Some radioisotopes are pure _____ or _____ emitters, but most emit ______ rays simultaneously with the ________ emission.
Beta, Alpha, Gamma, Particle
Name and explain the 3 methods of heat transfer.
Conduction: transfer of heat through a material or by touching.
Convection: mechanical transfer of hot molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another.
Thermal radiation: transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation.
Name the formula/units for Work.
W=Fd
F=force, d=distance
unit: joules (J)
Name the origins of:
1. alpha particles
2. beta particles
3. x-rays
4. gamma rays
1. Heavy radioactive nuclei
2. Radioactive nuclei
3. Electron cloud
4. Radioactive nuclei
Name and explain Newton's Laws of Motion.
1. Inertia: Body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.
2. Force: F=ma
3. Action/Reaction: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Name the formula/units for Power.
P=W/t=(Fd)/t
W=work, F=force, d=distance, t=time
unit: joule/second (J/s) or watt (W)
Name the major properties of:
1. alpha particle
2. beta particle
3. x-rays
4. gamma rays
1. great mass, great charge, charge of +2, high velocity in air, very short range in tissue
2. light particles, A=0, charge of -1 or +1, range is longer than alpha
3. photon, no mass, no charge, travels at the speed of light, produced outside the nucleus in the e- shells.
4. photon, no mass, no charge, travel at speed of light, emitted from the nucleus of a radioisotope, assoc/ beta & alpha particles