✅Basic Physics
🏃🏼♀️Physics Mechanics
🌈 EM Radiation
⚡Electricity
🧲 Magnetism
100
__________ is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is the ______ substance having mass of which physical objects are composed.
Matter, material
100
The measure of how fast something is moving or the rate of change of its position with time.
Velocity or Speed
100
___________ are variations of amplitude over time.
Sine waves
100
1. Electric charge comes in discrete units that are _____ or _____.
2. Electrons and protons are the _______ units of electric charge.
3. The _______ has one unit of negative charge; the _________ has one unit of positive cahrge.
4. The fundamental unit of electric charge is the _______(__). 1 ___ = _________ electron charges.
1. Positive, negative
2. Smallest
3. Electron, proton
4. Coulomb (C), C, 6.3 x 1018
100
1. Magnetism is the ability of certain materials to attract _____, ______, or ______.
2. Any charged particle in motion creates a __________.
3. The lines of a magnetic field do not start or end as the lines of an electric field do. It always has a _____ and a _____ pole; such a field is called _______.
4. The small magnet created by the electron orbit is called a _____________.
5. An accumulation of many atomic magnets with their dipoles aligned creates a ____________.
6. If all magnetic domains in an object are ________, it acts like a magnet.
7. Under normal circumstances, magnetic domains are ________ distributed.
1. Iron, cobalt, nickel
2. Magnetic field
3. North, South, dipolar
4. Magnetic dipole
5. Magnetic domain
6. Aligned
7. Randomly
200
_________ is the quantity of matter. Remains ________ regardless of its state.
Mass, unchanged
200
The rate of change of velocity with time. How quickly or slowly the velocity is changing.
Acceleration
200
The _________ ________ is made up of a frequency range of electromagnetic energy extends from approximately 102 to 1024 Hz. It has three regions most important to radiologic science: _________, ______/_________, and ___________.
Electromagnetic spectrum, visible light, x-rays/gamma rays, radiofrequency
200
1. An object is said to be __________ if it has too few or too many electrons.
2. Electrification can be created by _______, _______, or ________.
3. One object that is always available to accept electric charges from an electrified object is the ________.
4. It behaves as a huge reservoir for stray electric charges, which is why it is consdiered to be _____________.
1. Electrified
2. Contact, friction, induction
3. Earth
4. Electric ground
200
1. The three principal types of magnets are _________, ________, and _________.
2. The best example of a ________ magnet is the Earth itself
3. ____________ magnets are available in many shapes and sizes but principally as bar- or horseshoe-shaped magnets, usually made of iron.
4. ___________ consist of wire wrapped around an iron core.
1. Naturally occurring, artifically induced permanent, electromagnets
2. Natural
3. Artifically induced permanent
4. Electromagnets
300
1. __________ is the ability to do work.
2. __________ is the ability to do work by virtue of position.
3. __________ is the energy of motion.
4. __________ is the energy released by a chemical reaction.
5. __________ is the energy that can be done when an e- moves throuch an electric potential difference.
6. __________ is the energy of motion at the molecular level.
7. __________ is the energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom.
1. Energy
2. Potential energy
3. Kinetic energy
4. Chemical energy
5. Electrical energy
6. Thermal energy
7. Nuclear energy
300
The push or pull on an object.
Force
300
1. _________ are energy distrubances that move through space at the speed of light (c).
2. An x-ray photon is a _________ of electromagnetic energy.
3. Photons have ______ mass and no identifiable form, but they do have electric and magnetic fields that are continuously changing in a _________ fashion.
1. Photons
2. Quantum
3. No, Sinusoidal
300
1. The electric field points ________ from a positive charge and ________ from a negative charge.
2. Uncharged particles (DO/DO NOT) have an electric field.
3. Lines associated with each charged particle illustrate the __________ of the electric field.
1. Outward, inward
2. Do not
3. Intensity
300
1. Materials unaffected when brought into a magnetic field, such as _______ and ______, are considered ___________.
2. ___________ materials are weakly repelled by either magnetic pole and cannot be artifically magnetized. Ex?
3. ___________ materials include ________, _______, and _______. They are strongly attracted to a magnet and can usually be permanently magnetized by exposure to a magnetic field.
4. _________ materials lie somewehre between ferro- and nonmagnetic materials. They are slightly attracted to a magnet and loosely influenced by an external magnetic field. Ex?
1. Wood, glass, nonmagnetic
2. Diamagnetic, water, plastic
3. Ferromagnetic, iron, cobalt, nickel
4. Paramagnetic, MRI contrast agents
400
What is the difference between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation? Provide examples.
Non-ionizing radiation: energy emitted and transferred through space that doesn't go through ionization.
Ex: Sound, visible light, radiowaves
Ionizing radiation: energy strong enough to knock out an e- that can affect and damage biological tissue.
Ex: X-rays, UV rays, Gamma rays
400
The force on a body caused by the pull of gravity on it.
Weight
400
1. ____________ is one half the range from crest to valley over which the sine wave varies.
2. Usually measured in _______ or _______, representing the maximum displacement from rest position.
3. (⬆️/⬇️) ________ = ⬆️ energy
1. Amplitude
2. meters (m) or centimeters (cm)
3. ⬆️ amplitude
400
1. The force of attraction between unlike charges or repulsion between like charges is attributable to the electric fields, also known as an _____________.
2. The magnitude of the electrostatic force is given by _________ Law.
3. Equation for answer to #2
1. Electrostatic force
2. Coulomb's
3. F=k*(QaQb/d2)
400
1. The physical laws of magnetism are similar to those of _________ and _______.
2. There (IS A/IS NO) smallest unit of magnetism.
3. Dividing a magnet simply creates ________.
4. Like poles ______, different poles _______. All magnets have a ______ and ______ pole.
5. Ferromagnetic objects can be made into magnets by _________.
6. The strength of the magnetic fields is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, AKA __________.
7. SI unit of magnetic strength = _______ (T)
8. 1 T = ___________ Gauss (G)
1. Electrostatics, gravity
2. IS NO
3. 2 smaller magnets
4. Repel, attract; North, South
5. Induction
6. Maxwell's Field Theory
7. Tesla
8. 10,000
500
Name 4 methods of radiation protection.
Collimation, filtration, protective barriers, shielding
500
The product of the mass of an object and its velocity.
Momentum
500
1. Frequency is the rate of ______ and ______.
2. Usually identified as ________ per second.
3. Unit of measurement? Symbol?
4. Frequency is equal to # of _______ or # of _________ that pass the point of an observer per unit of time.
1. Rise, fall
2.1 cycle
3. Hertz (Hz), f
4. Crests, valleys
500
The Four Laws of Electrostatics:
1. Unlike charges ______, like charges _____.
2. The electrostatic force is _______ proportional to the product of electrostatic charges and _________ proportional to the square of the distance between them.
3. Electric charge distribution is ______ throughout or on a surface.
4. Electric charge of a concductor is mainly concentrated along the _________ curvature of the surface.
1. Attract, repel
2. Directly, indirectly
3. Uniformly
4. Sharpest
500
1. ___________ describes the interaction between electric charges and magnetic fields, where moving electric charges (electricity) create magnetic fields, and these changing magnetic fields can, in turn, create electric fields.
2. An electric current flowing in a conductor always creates a __________ around the conductor.
3. The magnetic field disappears when the circuit is _______.
4. An __________ is a current-carrying coil of wire wrapped around an iron core.
1. Electromagnetism
2. Magnetic field
3. Open
4. Electromagnet
600
Name the 3 base quantities in physics
mass, length, time
600
The force applied to an object times the distance over which it is applied; the product of force and distance.
Work
600
1. ___________ is the distance from one crest to another, from one valley to another, or from any point on the sine wave to the net corresponding point.
2. Measured in _________
3. Symbol?
4. Equation?
1. Wavelength
2. Meters
3. λ
4. λ=v/f
600
1. A _________ is any substance through which electrons easily flow. Ex?
2. An __________ is any material that does not allow electron flow. Ex?
3. A ________ is a material that under some conditions behaves as an insulator and in other conditions behaves as a conductor. Ex?
4. ___________is the property of some material to exhibit no resistance below a critical temperature (Tc). Ex?
1. Conductor; Copper, Aluminum
2. Insulator; Glass, Clay
3. Semiconductor; Silicon, Germanium
4. Superconductivity; Titanium, Niobium
600
1. The Right-Hand Rule determines the direction of the ___________ from a current or the direction of induced _______ in a generator, or the _____ on a positively-charged particle.
2. If the thumb of your RH is pointd in the direction of the _________, then the fingers of your hand will curl in the direction of the ___________ lines.
3. Conventional current flows from _________ to _________.
1. Magnetic field, current, force
2. Electric current, magnetic field
3. Positive, negative
700
Name the units used to measure:
1. Mass
2. Length
3. Time
1. kilogram, kg
2. meter, m
3. seconds, s
700
The rate of doing work; the quotient of work by time.
Power
700
1. Wave Equation?
2. Electromagnetic Wave Equation?
1. v=fλ
2. C=fλ , f=C/λ , λ =C/f
700
1. Modifying a conducting wire by _______ its diameter or inserting different devices can ________its resistance.
2. When this resistance is controlled and the conductor is made into a closed path, the result is an __________.
3. Electric circuit is measured in ________ (__).
4. 1 A = 1 ___ flowing through a ______ each second.
1. Reducing, increasing
2. Electric circuit
3. Amperes (A)
4. Coulomb (C), conductor
700
1. Stacking more loops on top of each other _________ the intensity of the magentic field runing through the center (axis) of the stack of loops.
2. A ________ is a coil of wire.
3. A #2 wrapped around an iron core is an ____________.
4. The magnetic field produced by an #3 is the same as that produced by a ________.
1. Increases
2. Solenoid
3. Electromagnet
4. Bar magnet
800
Name all 4 radiographic quantities
Exposure, Absorbed dose, Effective dose, Radioactivity
800
Name the formula/units for Velocity
V=d/t
d=distance, t=time
units: meters/second (m/s)
800
1. Communication broadcasts are usually identified by their _______ of transmission and are called ________ emissions.
2. Radiofrequency has relatively (⬆️/⬇️) energy and a relatively (long/short) wavelength.
3. Very-short-wavelength RF is _________ radiation.
1. Frequency, RF
2. ⬇️energy, long wavelength
3. Microwave
800
1. Electric _______ is sometimes called voltage; the (⬆️/⬇️) the voltage, the greater the ________ to do work.
2. Unit of electric potential is the ______ (__).
3. _#2_ = 1 ______/______
1. Potential, ⬆️, potential
2. Volt (V)
3. Joule/Coulomb (J/C)
800
1. __________ happens when an electric current is induced in a circuit, and some part of that circuit is in a changing magnetic field.
2. #1 is AKA _______ Law
3. #2 states that the magnitude of the induced current depends on four factors: _______ of the MF, _______ of MF as it moves past the conductor, ______ of the conductor to the MF, and the # of _______ in the conductor.
4. ______ Law states that any current induced in a conductor by a changing MF flows in a direction that creates it own MF to oppose the change in magnetifc flux that produced it.
5. __________ describes how much electromagnetic force is induced, while _______ determines its direction.
1. Electromagnetic Induction
2. Faraday's
3. Strength, velocity, angle, turns
4. Lenz'
5. Faraday's Law, Lenz' Law
900
Name the units for Exposure
Coulombs/kilogram (C/kg) or Air Kerma (Gya)
900
Name the formula/units for Acceleration
a=(V_f-V_0)/t
V0= inital velocity, Vf= final velocity, t=time
unit: meters/second2 (m/s2)
900
1. Although photons of visible light travel in ________, their course can deviate when they pass from one transparent medium to another, known as ________.
2. ________ light occupies the smallest segment of the electromagnetic spectrum, and yet it is the only portion that can be sensed directly.
1. Straight lines, refraction
2. Visible
900
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a _______.
2. Units of electric current is in ______ (__).
3. 1 _#2_ = 1 ______ flowing through a _____ each second
1. Conductor
2. Amperes (A)
3. A, Coulomb, conductor
900
1. ___________ is when the flow of electrons in one direction produces a magnetic field that induces a second current to flow in the wire, but in the opposite direction.
2. _____ always produces a constant magnetic field.
3. _____ produces a magnetic field that is not constant.
1. Self-induction
2. DC
3. AC
1000
Name the units for Absorbed Dose
Joules/kilogram (J/kg) or Grayt (Gyt)
1000
Name the formula/units for Force
F=ma
m=mass, a=acceleration
unit: newton (N)
1000
1. The inverse square law describes the relationship between ___________ and ___________ from the radiation source.
2. Equation?
3. When the distance from the source is doubled, the intensity of radiation is reduced to __________.
4. Conversely, when the distance is halved, the intensity of radiation is increased by a factor of _______.
1. Radiation intensity, distance
2. I1/I2=d22/d12
3. 1/4th
4. 4x
1000
1. Electrons that are made to flow in one direction along the conductor is called ________ (___).
2. Current in which electrons oscillate back and forth is called __________ (___).
3. Most application of electricity require a(n) _________ current.
4. DC's voltage waveform is represented by a ______________.
5. AC's voltage waveform is represented by a __________.
1. Direct Current (DC)
2. Alternating Current (AC)
3. Alternating
4. Horizontal line
5. Sine curve
1000
1. __________ is the phenomenon in which a current in one conductor induces a current to flow in another conductor.
2. If you put a second coil of wire next to the one generating this moving magnetic field, an __________ is induced in the second coil.
3. An example of #1 would be a ________, which transfers electerical energy between coils.
1. Mutual Induction
2. Alternating current
3. Transformer
1100
Name the units for Effective Dose
Joules/kilogram (J/kg) or Sievert (Sv)
1100
Name the formula/units for Weight.
Wt=mg
m=mass, g=gravity=9.8 m/s2
unit: newton (N)
1100
1. _______ light consists of photons with wavelengths longer than visible light, but shorter than microwaves.
2. It may be considered _________ heat.
1. Infrared
2. Radiant
1100
1. Resistance decreases as the __________ of the material is reduced.
2. Increasing electric resistance results in a (⬆️/⬇️) electric current.
3. Electric resistance is measured in _______ (__).
4. If electron flow is inhibited, the electric circuit resistance is ____.
1. Temperature
2. ⬇️
3. Ohms (Ω)
4. High
1100
1. An __________ produces an electric current by rotating loops of wire in a fixed magnetic field.
2. Converts __________ to electric energy.
3. #2 comes from moving ____, _____, or _____.
4. In a ___ generator, the commutator slip ring’s primary function is to act as an automatic switch, ensuring that the current flows in one continuous direction through the _________ circuit.
5. This process converts the __________ induced in the rotating coils into the #4's output of the generator.
1. Electric generator
2. Mechanical
3. Water, steam, hand
4. DC, external
5. Alternating Current (AC)
1200
Name the units for Radioactivity
Curie (Ci) or Becquerel (Bq)
1200
Name the formula/units for Momentum.
p=mv
m=mass, v=velocity
unit: kilogram-meters/second (kg*m/s)
1200
1. _______ light is located in the EM spectrum between visible light and ionizing radiation.
2. It is responsible for molecular interaction that can result in ___________.
1. Ultraviolet
2. Sunburn
1200
1. The voltage across the total circuit or any portion of the circuit is equal to the current times the resistance, AKA _________.
2. Equation to #1
3. Alternate equations?
4. Identify all the factors in the equation
1. Ohm's Law
2. V=IR
3. R=V/I, I=V/R
4. V=electric potential (V), I=current (A), R=electric resistance (Ω)
1200
1. _____________ change the intensity of alternating voltage and current.
2. Used to change voltages ____ to ____, and vice-versa.
3. Only operates on ________ (___).
4. A transformer with a turns ratio greater than 1 is a ________ transformer because the voltage is increased from the primary side to the secondary side.
5. When the turns ratio is less than 1, the transformer is a _________ transformer.
1. Transformer
2. Low, high
3. Alternating current (AC)
4. Step-Up
5. Step-Down
1300
Name and explain the 3 methods of heat transfer.
Conduction: transfer of heat through a material or by touching.
Convection: mechanical transfer of hot molecules in a gas or liquid from one place to another.
Thermal radiation: transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation.
1300
Name the formula/units for Work.
p=mv
m=mass, v=velocity
unit: kilogram-meters/second (kg*m/s)
1300
1. An x-ray photon contains considerably (more/less) energy than a visible light/RF photon.
2. The frequency of x-radiation is much ______ and the wavelength is much ______ than other types of EM energy.
3. ___________ is identified by wavelength, _________ is identified by frequency, and _________ are identified by energy.
1. More
2. Higher, shorter
3. Visible light, RF, X-rays
1300
1. ___________ is measured in watts (W).
2. 1 W = 1 ___ of current flowing through an electric potential of 1 ____.
3. Equation?
4. Name all the factors in the equation.
1. Electric power
2. Ampere (A), Volt (V)
3. P = IV or P = I2R
4. P = Electric Power (W), I=current (A), V=Electric Potential (V), R=Electric resistance (Ω)
1300
1. The type of transformer built around a square core of ferromagnetic material is called a __________ transformer.
2. The __________ consists of an iron core with only one winding of wire about it. This single winding acts as both the primary and the secondary windings.
3. __________ transformers confines even more of the magnet field lines of the primary winding because the secondary is wrapped around it and there are essentially two closed cores.
4. The _________ transformer is more efficient than the closed-core transformer. Most currently used transformers are _______.
5. Identify the transformers: A, B, C
1. Closed-core
2. Autotransformer
3. Shell-type
2. Shell-type
5. A=Closed-core, B=Autotransformer, C=Shell-type
1400
Name and explain Newton's Laws of Motion.
1. Inertia: Body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.
2. Force: F=ma
3. Action/Reaction: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
1400
Name the formula/units for Power.
P=W/t=(Fd)/t
W=work, F=force, d=distance, t=time
unit: joule/second (J/s) or watt (W)
1400
1. Visible-light photons tend to behave more like ________ and x-ray photons tend to behave more like ________.
2. Both types of photons exhibit both types of behavior, which is called the ________________.
3. Photons interact with matter most easily when the matter is approximately the same size as the photon __________.
1. Waves, particles
2. Wave-Particle Duality
3. Wavelength
1400
1. The change in voltage is _______ proportional to the ratio of the # of turns (windings) of the secondary coil to the # of turns in the primaay coil.
2. Equation?
3. Effect of Transformer's Law on Current Eq?
4. Name all factors in the equations
1. Directly
2. (Vs/Vp)=(Ns/Np)
3. (Is/Ip)=(Np/Ns) or (Is/Ip)=(Vp/Vs)
4. Vp= Primary Voltage, Vs=Secondary Voltage,
Np= Primary # of turns, Ns=Secondary # of turns,
Ip=Current on Primary side, Is=Current on Secondary side
1500
1. Objects absorb light in all three degrees:
- not at all (_____________)
- partially (___________)
- completely (___________)
2. The objects associated with these degrees of absorption are called _________, __________, __________, respectively.
1. Transmission, attenuation, absorption
2. Transparent, translucent, opaque