Certificates/Documents
What documents must you have with you to fly the airplane
Pilot Certificate, medical certificate, government issued photo id
Who says we have to follow the POH
FAR 91.9 states... no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved airplane or rotorcraft flight manual.
What are the four forces of flight?
Lift,Drag,Weight,Thrust
What airframe do we have?
Semi-monocoque design (coke can with ribs)
Consists of stringers, formers, and spars, and is very strong.
What are the different classes of airspace? Requirements? Weather minimums?
What are your limitations as a student pilot
No passengers, cannot carry property for compensation or hire, cannot fly in furtherance of a business, cannot fly with a flight or surface visibility of less than 3sm during day, 5sm during night
Can you over fly an annual
Can you over fly a 100 hour
The only way to overfly an annual is to obtain a special flight permit form the FSDO
A 100 hour inspection may be overflown by no more than 10 hours and only if en-route to the place where the inspection will be done.
What is the airspeed where Induced and Parasite drag meet?
Vg – Best glide speed (68 knots)
This is also described as L/D Max or the maximum lift to drag ratio.
What primary controls do we have? o
1. Ailerons:
Conventional ailerons w/ differential and frisc characteristics
Conventional = one goes up / one goes down
Differential = 20 degrees up / 15 degrees down (TCDS)
Frisc = Set on an offset hinge causing it to stick out and disrupt airflow, creating drag.
2. Rudder: Conventional rudder
3. Elevator: Balance trim tab w/ servo characteristics
What airspace is KDAB (Daytona Beach International)?
What altitude does KDAB airspace go up to?
What airspace is directly above KDAB airspace?
Charlie airspace
4000’ MSL
Class E begins above 4000’ MSL and continues to 17,999’ MSL,
where it switches to alpha at FL 180.
What are the currency requirements for carrying passengers
Day: 3 TO/LA within the preceding 90 days in the same category, class, and type(if required). Can be touch and go, Tailwheel full stop/stop and goes.
Night: Same stuff, must be done to a full stop/ stop and goes. 1 hour before sunrise, 1 hour after sunset.
Do you need to have an ELT in the airplane today?
Not needed for training within 50 nm of home airport
What is camber? Can we change it?
Curvature of the wing – it can be changed by extending/retracting flaps
Think about the lift equation; all goes back to that equation.
• Pilot’s can do a lot to control lift
Why do we need oil in the engine?
Lubricates - all of the engine’s moving parts
Cools – reduces friction and removes heat from the cylinders
Seals – it creates a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons
Cleans – carries away contaminants inside of the engine
If you don’t know the answer to an airspace question, where do you look?
U.S VFR Sectional Chart; if not there
Aeronautical Chart User’s Guide
What do category, class, and type mean
Category: airplane, rotorcraft, glider
Class: Single Engine land/sea, multi engine land/sea
Type: specific in aircraft. Only required for aircraft with a max gross weight equal or greater than 12,500 lbs, turbojet, any aircraft specified by FAA to require one.
What equipment and instruments are required for this Day VFR flight?
How about if you were to fly tonight?
ATOMATOFLAMES
FLAPS
What is center of gravity? What happens when it moves forward/aft?
CG is the point where the aircraft is balanced or the place where the entire weight is concentrated
What is meant by four-stroke”?
1. Intake valve opens letting fuel/air mixture in. (Intake phase /
suck)
2. Intake valve closes as piston moves up, compressing mixture.
(Compression / squeeze)
3. Piston is in upmost position; the spark plugs ignite the mixture;
causing combustion (bang)
4. Piston rises, and the exhaust valve opens and expels the exhaust
gas from the cylinder (blow)
What are the different types of Special Use Airspace? MCPRAWN
Military Operation Area (MOA) – Military training such as aerial intercepts, formation flying, and
low altitude tactics is conducted in these areas. This airspace separates that activity from IFR
traffic. Permission is not needed to enter, but pilots must exercise extreme caution.
Controlled Firing Areas (does not appear on charts) – Activities that could be hazardous are
suspended immediately when a spotter detects an aircraft. Can’t always find the aircraft so
important to exercise caution and avoid if possible.
Prohibited – Areas designated for national security or welfare. Flight in this area is prohibited.
Restricted – Unusual and oftentimes invisible hazards such as artillery or missile firing. If it is
active, pilots require permission, if it is cold, pilots can enter.
Alert – May contain a high volume of pilot training or unusual aerial activity. No clearance is
needed to enter but all pilots should be very alert.
Warning Areas – Invisible hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft, also a warning for entering and
exiting aircraft from our country.
National Security Area** – Established where there is a requirement for increased security and
safety of ground facilities – Pilots are asked to avoid; may become prohibited when necessary
What is a statement of demonstrated ability ( SODA)
A certificate given to pilots who have a static or non-progressive condition like a lost hand, and can show an FAA federal flight surgeon they can safely fly.
What are the required inspections? Discuss AAV1ATES
• 3 Types
o NPRM (Notice to proposed rule making)
o Final rule
o Urgent
Annual – every 12 calendar months (91.409)
VOR – every 30 days for IFR (91.171)
100 hour – if airplane is being operated for hire
Altimeter – 24 calendar months; required for IFR flight (91.411)
Transponder – 24 calendar months (91.413)
ELT – 12 calendar months or after 1 hour cumulative use or half of battery life (91.207)
Static System – 24 calendar months; required for IFR flight (91.411)
What are the different types of airspeeds? Altitudes?
IAS – indicated on the altimeter
CAS – calibrated (IAS corrected for instrument, position, and installation errors; POH 5-10)
EAS – equivalent (CAS corrected for compressibility) (factor at high speeds >200kts)
TAS – true (CAS or EAS corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure)
GS – ground (TAS corrected for wind)
TAPID (Altitudes)
True – vertical distance above sea level (MSL)
Absolute - vertical distance above terrain (AGL)
Pressure – vertical distance above the standard datum plane: a theoretical plane where sea level
pressure exists. It can be found by setting 29.92 in Kollsman window and reading the altitude.
Indicated – altitude as read off of the altimeter with appropriate setting
Density - Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temp.
Describe the electrical system.
Cessna 172S w/ AC: 150-amp alternator -> 24-volt
main battery -> 24-volt standby
Cessna 172S w/o AC: 60-amp(28V) alternator ->
24-volt main -> 24-volt -> standby
Six busses; cross-feed, avionics 1, avionics 2,
electrical 1, electrical 2, and essential.
The electrical system provides power to all of the
radio equipment, the engine gauges, G1000 system,
turn coordinator, stall warning horn and all the lights.
The magnetos are a self-sustaining source of
electricity. As long as the propeller and crankshaft is
turning, they will continue to provide electricity to
the spark plugs and the engine will run. This means
that in the event of an electrical failure, you will NOT
lose your engine.
• Some planes have electric magnetos, so in the case of a main battery dying, you will
lose the electric mag.
What type of clouds, visibility and precipitation would you expect from stable air? Unstable air
Stable air: stratiform clouds, poor visibility, smooth air, steady or continuous precipitation
Unstable: Cumuliform clouds or clouds with vertical development, good visibility, turbulence, and
showery precipitation