Carbohydrates
The monomer for a polysaccharide
What is a monosaccharide?
The property of lipids that makes them insoluble in water
What is nonpolarity/hydrophobia
The monomer for a protein
What is an amino acid?
The monomer of a nucleic acid
What is a nucleotide?
The three tenants of cell theory
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. All living things are made of one or more cell
3. All cells come from preexisting cells
The property of phospholipids that makes them hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other
What is amphipathic?
The process in which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is diffusion?
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
What is osmosis?
The type of transport that requires an energy input
What is active transport?
The two main functions of carbohydrates
What are energy and structure?
The three main categories of lipids
What are fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids?
An unfolded chain of amino acids on its own, not bound to any other chains
What is a polypeptide?
The three components of a nucleotide
What are:
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
What is the presence of membrane bound organelles?
The main components of the cell membrane
What are:
Phospholipids
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates
The form of transportation across a membrane that doesn't require energy input
What is passive transport?
A solution that has the same concentration of solute as the inside of a cell is __________ to that cell
What is isotonic?
The type of transport that directly uses energy from the form of something like ATP
What is primary active transport?
The property of monosaccharides that make them soluble in water
What is polarity/hydrophilia?
A lipid molecule that contains for fused hydrocarbon rings
What are steroids?
One or more folded polypeptides in one large unit
What is a protein?
The full names of DNA and RNA
What are deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid?
The organelle that provides the cell with energy in the form of ATP
What is the mitochondrion?
A protein only facing outwards on one side of the membrane
What is a peripheral membrane protein?
The property of a membrane where it allows some particles through, but not others
What is semi-permeability?
A solution that has a lower concentration of solute as the inside of a cell is __________ to that cell
What is hypotonic?
The type of transport that establishes a concentration gradient, and uses the energy from that gradient to do active transport
What is secondary active transport?
The main energy storage polysaccharide found in plant cells
What is starch?
The type of bond that makes fatty acids unsaturated
What are double bonds?
The process of a protein becoming unfolded due to factors like temperature of pH
What is denaturation?
The sugar found in DNA vs. the sugar found in RNA
What are deoxyribose and ribose?
The organelle that houses DNA in a eukaryote
What is the nucleus?
What is an integral membrane protein?
In passive transport, particles move ______ the concentration gradient
What is "down"?
A solution that has a higher concentration of solute as the inside of a cell is __________ to that cell
What is hypertonic?
The process where the cell membrane folds in on itself to form a vesicle, bringing materials into the cell
What is endocytosis?
The main energy storage polysaccharide found in animal cells
What is glycogen?
The three main functions of lipids in an animal
What are:
Long term energy storage
Organ protection
Insulation
The part of an amino acid that gives it it's unique chemical properties
What is the R-group/sidechain
The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA vs the four found in RNA
What are adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine in DNA and adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine in RNA?
The organelle inside the nucleus that makes ribosomes
What is the nucleolus?
The main function of glycolipids and glycoproteins in the cell membrane
What is cell-cell communication?
The movement of particles through a membrane without the aid of protein channels
What is simple diffusion?
The tonicity of a solution that will cause water to flow in and out of the cell equally
What is isotonic?
The process where a vesicle conjoins with the membrane, releasing materials out of the cell
What is exocytosis?
The process of breaking a glycosidic linkage, consuming water in the processes
What is hydrolysis?
The components of a phospholipid
What are a hydrophilic, phosphate head and hydrophobic, fatty acid tails?
The components of an amino acid
What are: Alpha carbon
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group
The type of bond that holds two strands of DNA together
What is a hydrogen bond?
The difference between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is:
Rough: houses ribosomes making proteins
Smooth: Synthesis of other macromolecules like lipids and carbohydrates
The quality of fatty acids in a membrane that makes the membrane more fluid
What is unsaturation?
The movement of particles through a membrane with the aid of protein channels
What is facilitated diffusion?
The tonicity of a solution that will cause a net flow of water out of the cell
What is hypertonic?
Endocytosis being performed to bring in very large particles vs. endocytosis being performed to bring in liquids
What is phagocytosis vs pinocytosis?
The process of building a glycosidic linkage, creating water in the process
What is dehydration synthesis?
The components of a triglyceride
What are the glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains?
The four levels of structure in a protein, and the description of each
What are:
Primary: The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Secondary: Small folds caused by hydrogen bonding between parts of the backbone
Tertiary: Larger folds caused by interactions between side chains
Quaternary: The attachment of multiple polypeptide chains in one amino acid
In DNA, the carbon number that attaches to the nitrogenous base, the carbon number that attaches to an -OH group, and the carbon number that attaches to a phosphate.
What are:
1': nitrogenous base
3': -OH
5' Phosphate
The organelle that packages, labels, and sends out vesicles containing proteins
What is the Golgi apparatus?
The lipid responsible for "buffering" membrane fluidity in response to temperature
What is cholesterol?
Particles that are ________ in size and/or hydro_______ have a harder time passing through the membrane unaided
What are "larger" and "philic"?
The tonicity of a solution that will cause a net flow of water into the cell
What is hypotonic?
The process where endocytosis is triggered by the activation of external receptors on the cell surface
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?