Progressivism 1
a combination of companies controlling the production and price of some commodity; to eliminate or reduce competition
Monopoly/Trust
was in steel industry; used Bessemer process to make high quality steel quickly and cheaply and also used vertical integration
Andrew Carnegie
was a railroad entrepreneur
Cornelius Vanderbilt
was in investment banking
JP Morgan
had a monopoly in oil business (Standard Oil); used horizontal integration
John D. Rockefeller
this was passed by Congress in 1890 declared illegal all combinations “on restraint of trade.”
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
were the four innovations that proved critical in shaping urbanization
Electric Lighting/Communication improvements/intracity transportation/skyscrapers
these were prevalent problems in all urban centers
Congestion/pollution/crime/disease
opened Hull House in Chicago and Wald’s Henry Street Settlement in New York offering services and support to the city’s working poor such as daycare, evening classes, libraries, gym facilities, and free health care.
Jane Addams
factors such as famine, religious, political, or racial persecution, or the desire to avoid military service
Push Factors
factors such as consistent, wage earning work.
Pull Factors
limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the U.S. through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the U.S. as of the 1890 national census.
The Immigration Act of 1924
the political orientation of those who favor progress towards better conditions in government and society
Progressivism
A lack of safeguards in Manhattan led to a fire that killed 146 employees, most of them poor, immigrant women who were powerless against the speed ups and cramped conditions imposed by their employers.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
was founded by Uriah Stephens and the platform included a renewed call for an eight-hour workday, equal pay regardless of gender, the elimination of convict labor, and the creation of greater cooperative enterprises with worker ownership of business. Much of strength came from idea of “one big union.”
Knights of Labor
In Chicago’s Haymarket Square an anarchist group gathered in response to a death at an earlier nationwide strike for 8 hour work day; police arrived and someone killed a police officer with a bomb; 7 anarchist were arrested and sentenced to death
Haymarket Affair
was led by Samuel Gompers and focused almost all of its efforts on economic gain for its members, seldom straying into political issues other than those that had a direct impact upon working conditions.
American Federation of Labor
involved the Homestead factory and Carnegie Steel Company. Three Pinkerton detectives and six workers were killed. Resulted with the union defeated and workers asking for their jobs back.
Homestead Strike
in Pullman, Il where “Pullman Sleeper Cars” were made; 3000 of the factory’s workers were fired, wages cut by 25%, and then continued to charge the same high rent and prices in the company homes and store where workers were forced to live and shop. Workers began strike and ordered rail workers throughout the country to stop handling any trains that had Pullman cars on them. President Cleveland put an end to it by attaching a mail car to every train and then sending in the troops to ensure the delivery of the mail. Gov’t also ordered the strike to be ended.
Pullman Strike
published “Tweed Days in St. Louis” that exposed how city officials worked in league with big business to maintain power while corrupting the public treasury and “The Shame of Cities”
Lincoln Steffens
was a professor at Atlanta University and first African American with a doctorate from Harvard; emerged as the spokesperson for the Niagara Movement. He led others in drafting “Declaration of Principles” which called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Rights included universal suffrage, compulsory education, and the elimination of convict lease system.
W.E.B. DuBois
wrote “History of Standard Oil Company” exposing cutthroat business practices of John Rockefeller.
Ida Tarbell
wrote “The Jungle” and illustrated the horrible effects of capitalism on workers in the Chicago meatpacking industry. As a result, Congress passed the Pure food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act to curb these sickening abuses.
Upton Sinclair
was an influential African American leader at the outset of the Progressive Era. He was the first principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. Gave the “Atlanta Compromise” which called for African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights.
Booker T. Washington
she split off and formed the National Women’s Party or Silent Sentinels. They picketed outside the White House for 2 years, protested, were arrested and participated in hunger strikes.
Alice Paul