IN GOOD HUMOR
This is the type of lymphocyte (a sub-type of WBC) that is involved in HUMORAL IMMUNITY
B CELLS
(normally the antibodies _produced_ by B CELLS are often included in the definition of "humoral immunity" as well)
TRUE OR FALSE: Antibodies bind together for form MACs (Membrane Attack Complexes) that are like spears that rupture the outer membranes of invading pathogens, causing their destruction
FALSE
"Antibodies do NOT destroy pathogens.
They DO inactivate them, and tag them form destruction via the AG-AB Complex that is destroyed by PHAGOCYTES."
TRUE OR FALSE: T Cells are the main components of what is called "Intra-Cellular" or "Cell-Mediated" Immunity because they target pathogens that slip into cells or are phagocytized by cells (or, also, cells that are determined to be cancer cells).
TRUE
This is the big difference between T Cells and B Cells: B Cells produce antibodies (which T do not) and can recognize antigens that are free floating outside of body cells (which T cannot); and T Cells can target and destroy pathogens inside of host/self cells (which B Cells cannot).
Lymph that collects anywhere on the left side of the body or the lower right side of the body returns to cardio-vascular circulation via THIS DUCT
THORACIC DUCT
This is the most abundant type of WBC throughout the human body, and often the first to arrive on the scene in response to chemotaxis (chemical signaling of danger)
NEUTROPHILS
This is the location that B Cells become both immunocompetent and self-tolerant before being released into the blood
BONE MARROW
Antibodies are soluble proteins secreted by activated B Cells and Plasma cells in response to specific antigens. They are also called "Igs" which is shorthand for THIS longer term
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
What type of Cell Differentiation (CD) protein does a Helper-T/ T-helper (T-h) cell have, CD4 or CD8?
BONUS points: Will it bind to MHC-I or MHC-II "flags"?
Helper T Cells have CD4
They bind only to MHC-II "flags" (think: "Rule of 8")
Name the PRIMARY lymphoid organs (which are also the sites where B Cells and T Cells mature)
THYMUS (T Cells) and BONE MARROW (B Cells)
TRUE OR FALSE: One of the major weapons in the arsenal of Neutrophils is engulfing their target, phagocytosis, then dissolving their prey with lysosomes.
TRUE
This is the name we call the antibody-producing clone descendants of a B CELL after it has matured from an encounter with its specific target pathogen, in this mature state able to produce 2000 antibodies per second for 4-5 days
PLASMA CELLS
Antibody (AB) monomers are structured out of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 heave and 2 light. On the most distal end of each of these 4 chains is THIS REGION that differs widely between antibodies, for it forms the binding sites that are shaped to fit the specific antigen that they react to
VARIABLE ("V") REGION
What type of Cell Differentiation (CD) protein does a Cytotoxic-T/ T-Killer (T-c) cell have, CD4 or CD8?
BONUS points: Will it bind to MHC-I or MHC-II "flags"?
Cytotoxic T cells have CD8
They only bind to MHC-I (again, think "Rule of 8")
Name AT LEAST TWO REGIONS of the body where one finds large collections/clusters of lymph nodes
NECK (Cervical nodes)
ARMPITS (Axillary nodes)
GROIN (Inguinal nodes)
DEFENSINS
Explain the purpose of "MEMORY B CELLS" as part of humoral immunity, and explain their connection to vaccinations
MEMORY CELLS ARE KEY TO THE "SECONDARY HUMORAL RESPONSE" (2nd and later exposures to the same pathogen) allowing for a much faster and stronger and longer and greater immune response. The purpose of a vaccine is to "immunize" a person, to provoke the "first exposure" (either through small amounts of live pathogen or from harmless attenuated fragments) in order to produce these memory cells (B&T)
This is the region in the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule that determines its CLASS (i.e. whether it is an IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, or IgE)
CONSTANT REGION of the HEAVY CHAIN
T-helper cells do not attack invading pathogens directly. Explain the basic steps of how T-helper cells HELP by motivating other T cell (cell mediated) and B cell (humoral) immune response
(1) Immunocompetent naive CD4 T-cell bind to MHC-II antigenic peptide on Antigen Presenting Cell (APC), transforming it into a mature T-helper cell
(2) T-helper releases IL-2 (Interleukin-2), activating T-c cells, B cells and their ABs, + cloning many of that variety of T-h cell to effect rapid response
Aside from the lymph nodes and the Spleen, there are large numbers of lymphoid tissues in areas of the body designated by the name MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue). Name AT LEAST TWO PLACES that have large collections of MALT
(1) PEYER'S PATCHES (specialized lymphoid parts of the small intestine)
(2) The APPENDIX (near the very start of the large intestine)
(3) The TONSILS (not only the PALANTINE TONSILS visible in the back of the mouth, but also the LINGUAL on the tongue, PHARYNGEAL in the back of the nasopharynx, and TUBAL sounding the openings to the auditory tubes into the pharynx)
When encountering bacteria, neutrophils sometimes "blow themselves up" spreading oxidizing substances like BLEACH to destroy invading pathogens, a process that kills the neutrophil (and hopefully one or more invading pathogens) and leaving behind pus in its wake. This is the name for that type of attack.
RESPIRATORY BURST
The receptors on the surface of B Cells share the exact same properties as WHAT?
B CELL RECEPTORS ARE ITS MEMBRANE-BOUND ANTIBODIES. Stated a different way in your instructor's handout, "Antibodies have the SAME antigen-binding properties as the receptor molecules [usually IgD] on their parent B Cell."
THIS is the specific class of antibody (i.e. the specific "Ig" type) that is the most abundant and diverse antibody in blood plasma, accounting for 75-85% of circulating antibodies. It protects against bacteria, viruses, and toxins circulating in blood and lymph, readily fixes complement, and is the main antibody of both late primary and secondary responses.
IgG
(This is also why someone who needs a quick immunity boost, perhaps because they're immunocompromised, may be given an IgG ("gammaglobulin") shot. Unfortunately just giving a person IgG is only a temporary solution, for no immune memory cells are created this way from "artificially acquired passive immunity."
Explain the role of T-Regulatory Cells in the immune process
After antigens are inactivated and destroyed, T-reg cells HALT the immune response of other T&B Cells by releasing cytokines (communicating chemicals) thought to be vital for inhibiting further T & B cell proliferation. This is important to keep the immune response from spiraling out of control, and especially to prevent targeting the body's own healthy cells (an "autoimmune" response)
Explain the anatomical reason behind the physiological process of why lymph fluid SLOWS DOWN and allows more time for it to filter (and to present antigens to APCs + have APCs activate inactive lymphocytes)
With inflammation and chemotaxis, phagocytes invade an area for a non-specific (innate) kind of defense before the body's adaptive immune system kicks in. Name at least THREE of the different types of phagocytes involved
(1) Mast Cells
(2) Neutrophils
(3) Macrophages (MPs)
(4) Eosinophils (another type of WBC that is especially good at attacking parasitic worms)